How Piagets theories support universal preK in the US Essay Example for Free

How Piagets theories support universal preK in the US EssayJean Piaget is famous for developing one(a) of the most potent possibility, the theory of cognitive growth. The theory is main(prenominal)ly concerned with the construction and emergence of schemata which comprises the schemes of how a person does perceive the world especially during the developmental pegs when the peasantren argon gaining tonic means of men rangyy expressing information. The theory is considered constructivist in opposition to other theories which could be either nativist or empiricists, (Brainerd, C. 1978).The theory proposes that we do get to construct our cognitive abilities through the self-motivated movement in ones world. The nativist theory on the other hand asserts that cognitive development is the unfolding of innate abilities and knowledge while empiricist theories defines cognitive development as a gradual process in which knowledge is acquired through experience, (Brainerd, C.J. Re yna, V.F 2002). For this theory, Piaget won the Erasmus prize. There are four main periods that Piaget handlingd to distinguish the schemes that children make use of to get a line the world, (Gallagher, J.M. Reid, D.K. 1981).Four acquaints as described by Piagets.Sensorimotor period.This occurs at the age of 0 to 2 course of instructions, (Piaget, J. 1929). According to Piaget, children are born(p) with a congenital reflexes which permits them to float in the dense world beyond their drive to explore the world around them. The initial schemes that the children find at this represent is all based on the differentiation of their congenital reflexes. Since this is the first of the four peglegs according to Piaget it marks an measurable stage in which the child develops spatial abilities to understand the world in six different stages, (Piaget, J. 1929).These stages include The reflex scheme stage that takes place from birth to one month. It is primarily partnerd with the d evelopment of reflexes. Primary vizor reaction stage is the second stage that occurs from one month to four month. It is primarily associated with the development of habits. The unessential circular reactions phase forms the third stage. It occurs from the fourthly month to the eighth month and is primarily associated with the development of vision and prehension coordination, (hand-eye coordination). The fourth sub stage is concerned with the development of the object permanence development. It is generally called the coordination of secondary course round modest circular reactions stage and occurs from the eighth month to the twelfth month. The tertiary circular reactions phase is what Piaget call downed to the fifth sub stage from xii to eighteen months. This is the stage that Piaget suggested that the little scientist is born through active creativity and experimentation. The sixth final sub stage here is characterized by the beginning of exemplary representation and it oc curs from the eighteen months to twenty four months. At this stage the new found means of considering before taking an action gives the child new ways of unconstipatedtually achieving a goal without having to go for the trial and error experiment, (Gallagher, J.M. Reid, D.K. 1981).preoperational stageThis is the second of four main stages of cognitive development. Piaget demonstrated that a qualitative mental functioning does occur as the child approaches the end of second year. According to Piaget, a preparatory thought is any particular procedure that promotes mental action on objects. The main hallmark in this stage is logically inadequate and sparse mental operations, (Flavell 1963). It is at this stage that the child learns to repress and use objects by words and images, that is symbolic thinking is evident. Since the child muted has difficult of adopting other peoples viewpoint, thinking is still egoistical.It as it this stage that the child has the voltage to classify similar objects together trough a single feature much(prenominal) as color or shape, (Brainerd, C. 1978).Piaget suggested that this stage which immediately follows Sensorimotor stage occurs between 2-7 years of stage. It at this stage that children develop their language skills and thereof they begin expressing things using images and words. Worth noning here is the child relies more on cognizance that the logical reasoning at this stage. At the beginning, there are more egocentric since they are not yet aware that other people are not thinking or perceiving things in the same way like they do. It at this time that their imaginative mind is very active and they then associate emotions to certain inanimate objects, (Piaget, J. 1929).This stage is further broken down into Preconceptual stage and the Intuitive stage. The Preconceptual stage occurs at the stage of 2-4 years and is mainly characterized by egocentric thinking as well as animistic thought. A child with animistic thoug ht is one who has the tendency to assign attri yetes of living things to inanimate objects much(prenominal) as the perception that a glass does feel pain when it is broken. The intuitive stage that occurs between the forth year to the seventh year is characterized by the voltage child who is actively solving problems through the mental process. Though at this stage they do get out to achieve some goals, they are however asleep on how they achieved their conclusion.A elemental slip is when a child is able to correctly identify the majority from the minority just by the virtual of sight. An precedent is when a child is presented with seven dogs and maybe 2 cats and he/she is asked if there are more dogs that cats. As expected the child would respond positively but will besides commit a logical error if supposedly asked the same question in the same way but differently such as if there are more dogs that animal, (Brainerd, C. 1978). The child will most believably respond by sa ying yes indeed showing the use acquaintance at this stage. An important observation by Piaget is that children mainly learn through play and imitation through these first two stages, (Gallagher, J.M. Reid, D.K. 1981)..Concrete operational stageThis is the third of the four stages in Piagets cognitive development theory. It follows preoperational stage and is suggested to occur between the age of 7 to 11 years, (Piaget, J. 1929). It is characterized by the appropriate use of logic and at this stage some of the important processes that have been identified include Seriation, which is the ability to sort different objects based on shape, size or other characteristic. A good example is the potential to differentiate color gradient. Classification-the ability of the child to identify and name sets of objects based on size, appearance as well as other characteristics that may suggest that one object may include another. Decentering-this is a process where the child is able to take int o tale multiple aspects of a problem towards solving it. An example is the change in perception where a child will no longer will no longer hold the perception that an exceptionally wide yet short cup will hold less amount that one that is normally tall and wide. Reversibility-where the young one is able to comprehend that objects and tours tin can be altered and eventually returned back their original state. Thus the child will be able to comprehend that since 3+3= 6, then 6-3=3. Conservation- the ability to understand that length, quantity or number of items is basically mot related to their appearance or arrangement. Elimination of egocentricim- this is the ability of the child to understand and view things from another perspective even though they may think incorrectly.Formal operational stageThis is the fourth and the final stage in cognitive development according to Piaget theory. It starts at around 12 years of age soon after the Concrete in operation(p) stage and continu es all the way to adulthood, (Ashurst 1985). It is the stage that is characterized with the ability to reason logically, think abstractly, and be able to draw conclusions from the available information. It is at this young adult stage that one is able to understand such aspects as logical proofs, love and values. Some biological factors can be traced during this stage as it occurs during puberty thereof marking the entry into adulthood in cognition, physiology, moral judgment (Kohlberg), psychosocial development (Erikson) and psychosexual development (Freud). It is estimated that approximately two-thirds of all the people fail to develop this symbol of reasoning fully for it to become their normal cognition mode and thus they remain as operational thinkers even as adults, (Flavell 1963).The above four stages have some general observation. One is that though they may vary in time, sequence does not change, (Brainerd, C. 1978). The stages in addition apply to thought and not to chi ldren and they universal thus they cannot be associated with any culture.Shortcoming to Piagetian stage theory.There are several challenges that have been put froth against Piagetian theory some of which even Piaget himself has noted such as the fact that development does not have to progress in such as the smooth manner that his theory has proposed. His theory is a general one since it suggests that cognitive maturation occurs across different aspects of knowledge such as logic, mathematics, language among others, (Gallagher, J.M. Reid, D.K. 1981).Application of Piagetian theory close of the educators as well as psychologists do manage to receive piagetian theory training during their professional training. A piagetian assessment is more promising to be a familiar concept among the psychologists who work in those districts that carry out alternative assessment of cognitive ability on regular basis. A good example are the psychologists at the Southern California Diagnostic Center who do make use of the Ordinal Scale more in depth during a Piagetian assessment. For most of these psychologists, a Piagetian assessment is like a departure from the interchangeable intelligence testing.The standardized intelligence tests that are available usually diagnose the students academic achievement expectancy and it may usually take considerable amount of time and thus may not be done for more than one year. This thus limits the tests for use during short term interventions such as pre-test or post-test. More to this is that standardized cognitive tests quantify a students power or strength of abilities or processing but unfortunately the quantification does not precisely predict the intervention method acting that are most likely applicable or useful, (Flavell 1963).A curriculum-based measurement (CBM) can be done several times within a year by the school psychologists as a pretest or post-test on how effective the intervention is. Unfortunately, CBM does not provide det ails of why the intervention may or may not be successful nor does it serve as a diagnostic tool for the instructional modifications. On the other hand, Piagetian screening can be useful in giving instructional interventions especially incases to do with comprehension or math concepts, (Piaget, J. 1929).Piagetian theory gives the stage wise development of qualitative means of developing thinking from one stage to the next. Through this understanding it is possible to understand more easily why students experience erudition difficulties. Thus Piagetian screening does provide an avenue of quickly estimating a students cognitive development level, (Ashurst 1985).In a summary thus, one can point to Piagetian tasks as rule of thumbs that indicate the level or stage that a child of a particular age is functioning. Thus it is important to understand that teaching a child certain specific tasks does not in any way change the development stage of the child. Thus these signpost are useful w hen developing accommodations and modifications that do support a match between a Childs a curriculum with his/her cognitive processing ability.Necessary interventions for a child curriculum especially at the age of 4.Most of the children usually do encounter difficult math problems. Piagetian theory can be used to explain the appropriate interventions that can be adopted and especially at the age of four. For a student to effectively understand the mathematical concepts of simple subtraction and addition, there is need for him/her to acquire the concept of conservation of numbers. A child who is yet to attain conservation of number concept can still be able to perform, state or memorize various procedures such as subtraction or addition but may most likely be confused with the same concepts weeks, days or even hours later. The main reason for this is that information is stored as verbatim representations and the gist representations, (Brainerd, C. 1978).The modern theories of memor y suggest that memory is stored as verbatim (exact input), or gist (concepts) and these representations of memory are accessed independently. Thus a child who has not yet win the conservation of number rarely has the conceptual framework that is needed for a one-to-one correspondence since they lack the conceptual framework, (Gallagher, J.M. Reid, D.K. 1981).. At a later time when the child is not able to accurately carry out math operations, an impression of memory deficit may most likely be the first impression. But the main problem maybe that the child has not yet attained the developmental stage that is required to understand the mathematical concepts. It is in such circumstances that the child may only store verbatim memories and fail to do the same for the conceptual knowledge, gist memory.Necessary interventions in this case suggest that one ought to be very sure that the concrete operations level is emerging. If this is not the case, the child may most likely be in the pre -operational thinking stage which is also the intuitive level. The necessary interventions can be aimed at helping the child accelerate moving from intuitive stage towards the concrete stage. A good example is at the age of four, which is generally regarded as the stage of why where the course-effect thinking is learnt in details. Worth noting is that some of the primary school-age children whom have not yet attained the level of being intuitive thinkers usually get on to why stage one or two years later and may thus have not had the opportunity of having the questioning behavior reinforced, (Flavell 1963).Students are also known to experience problems with comprehension. The frequent complaint are usually at the quaternary grade all the way to the eighth grade. The difficult maybe complex but with the application of Piagetian theory it is possible to determine whether the student did manage to attain the necessary developmental stages to be able to comprehend different concepts tha t do involve some partially overlapping sets of information. Though the international regulate age for attaining classification task as age 9, an upward variance is usually observed. Most of the upper elementary science, literary concepts and social sciences involve also mental manipulation.Usually students gain the attention of the school psychologists due t issues that are associated social behavior.

A Designer Profile Essay Example for Free

A Designer Profile EssayErin Healy from Florida is the new Queen in the Fashion Industry. She is the champion of the highly coveted Top- world-wide-Upcoming-Designer award. This happened in her latest showcase of approach patterns known as by her name. The designs are stylish and have magnificent accomplishments. They are sparkling, classic and worn easily which explains the reason of their taste sensation by most celebrities. A good example of celebrity clientele is Whitney Thompson Americas Top Model winner. The fact that Erin has three kids does not disapprove her from pursuing her lifetime dream. She is indeed a rising star and a new amazing talent of style. Her pieces are lustrous and modish which explains their popularity. Her latest appealingness is composed of cool flirty minuscule dresses decorated by fine hairs and fasten flowers. Healy also integrated elegant tops without straps and camisoles corresponding with shorts as rise up as coats. She really borrowed from nature by using colors of natural features, a bunch of foreign silk featuring animal stamps and textures.Source http//www. examiner.om/x-6350-Miami-Fashion-Trends-Examinersy2010m4d5- Emerging-Designer-Erin-Heasley-winner-of-the-Best-International-Emerging-Designer- of-the-Year The above illustrations are an potpourri of a few of Erin Healy Designs in a showcase. Her designs have gained popularity after she scooped the award. According to the upcoming designer, fashion is the gorgeous art that expresses a character and vigor of a person through dressing. She described Miamis fashion as thrilling. It is full of style, a fit for everyone and it is fashion frontward.She discovered her talent in fashion design while she was still in secondary school. She started by designing own dresses and for friends. Her style descends from a lady with a passion of refined and stylish look. Her preferred models that she enjoys working with locally include Jordan Healy her daughter and Erins friend L auren Rossi both in Jacksonville. In Miami is Jesika Marcano. Responding to a question on design process, Erin says that is no unequivocal process. It usually advances from a simple idea that comes to the designer in strange rooms like dreams.Immediately an idea comes, she sketches out before she even explores the model option. In other cases the type of fabric generates the design. Her favorite designers include ad Ghandour, L. A. M. B, Coco Chanel and Eduardo de las Casas. Her designs are available at a private showroom bearing in the Artistree and to her what matters most the confidence on the women that wear her design. The choice of Miami to showcase her design is out of love and passion for the place. She loves the residents, the culture and style.That is why she participated in the Miami International Fashion Week emerging winner challenge and made it to the three top finalists. Miami has helped her to develop her career in a very special way for it is here that her desig ns came to the limelight. The preparation of a fashion show according to the top designer involves some simple steps. First, develop the story, choose a photographer and lenify on the location. Secondly, decide on the make up designers and hair style experts, and prepare a procession of models as well as casting.Thirdly, she will jut out a decent and collaborate with other experts to accomplish the glance. Finally is to toil with a renowned DJ and fashion show expert to prepare a fun filled and memorable event full of classy and elegant features.Works Cited Gelhar, Mary. The Fashion Designer Survival Guide. New York Kaplan Publishing, 2008. Henry, Christine. Emerging Designer Erin Heasley. Miami Fashion. Retrieved on July 23, 2010 from http//www. examiner. com/x-6350-Miami-Fashion-Trends-Examinersy2010m4d5- Emerging-Designer-Erin-Heasley-winner-of-the-Best-International-Emerging-Designer- of-the-Year.

Analysis of BAELL II Recommendations

Analysis of BAELL II RecommendationsCHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION1.1. Introduction functional venture is delineate as the pretend of injustice resulting from inadequate or failed internal processes, people and dodgings, or from orthogonal events. Financial commercialises in the last two decades cast been lofty-pitchedlighted by large-mouthed-scale financial bankruptcys repayable to in make outnce and fraud, such as Barings, Daiwa, Allied Irish Banks, Orange County, Enron, along with man-made and natural disasters, such as 9/11, Hurricanes Andrew and Katrina. As a consequence, running(a) happen has been acknowledged to overweigh the importance of credit and market guesss.Since 2001, the Basel Committee for the Banking Supervision of the Bank of International Settlements has been requiring banks to set aside restrictive capital amount that would cover potential available loss. The capital amount must be evaluated on a one-year aggregated stem at a sufficiently high confi dence level. Statistical tools argon required to accurately assess the relative frequency and severeness distributions.The presence of so-c all(prenominal)ed low frequency/ high severity events poses problems for the pattern of operable luck and calls for models capable of capturing excessive heavy-tailedness in the info. in operation(p) hazard is one of the important blazon of the chance of exposure circumspection triangle the other two being Credit attempt and Market (Treasury) take a chanceiness. Any judicature, particularly in the banking sector, is squarely exposed to operative risks emanating within or outside the institution.Risk instruction TriangleCredit Risk Market (Treasury) Risk. useable riskoperating(a) risk capital charge is a compulsory requirement in global banking sector. This puts in a lot of stress and strain on a banks concern. useable Risk is also known as Transaction Risk in virtually countries. In order to expeditiously face this spic-an d-span challenge of operational risk in risk care, the prerequisites for efficiently facing the operational risk are enumerated as follows creation of risk culture enterprise wide operational risk awareness. Proactive whole tones at all the levels of operation should operate as a natural rubber valve and in the process, may in turn facilitate get finish up risk capital charge.1.2. place settingRisk partping is often mentioned both in describing various approaches to operational risk management and, in an audit context, in formulating the nominate steps to retain self-assessment, as the cornerstone of the risk appointment process. Yet there is little published guidance on how to perform it effectively and on how to ensure that the resulting map is indeed complete and consistent. In other words, although the term is widely used by bankers, auditors, regulators and consultants alike, and although all these professionalsmay even agree on what constitutes an acceptable t erminal output, they will most likely give widely different explanations on how to get such product, the resources needed and the costs involved.Risk role is arduous for a number of reasons, all of which can be summarized by reminding ourselves that the map is not the territory. No matter how accurate and thorough our analysis is, what really goes on in the transaction is never exactly what is written in the manual. Here are just a few of the key dimensionsPeople Processes are tincted by people, and people, no matter how formalized the process is, adapt, interpret and improvise in response to circumstances.Specialization Very few people really infer a item business process and its interactions with other people and systems within the bank. When one of these people leaves or is just absent for a while, the potential for an operational failure appears.Processes Processes change all the time and any mapping becomes obsolete almost overnight after being completed.In this research , I describe a methodology for the mapping of operational risk with the objective of identifying the risks inherent in the different steps of a business process, selecting the key risk indicators (KRIs) (Hoffman, 2002 Davis and Haubenstock, 2002) and designing the most let control activities. In my approach, therefore, risk mapping is the basis for all the key components of operational risk management identification, assessment, monitoring/reporting and control/mitigation as defined by the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision (2003).There is more than one way to map risks. The most common technique is probably the mapping on a prob strength/severity chart (Figure 1) so as to identify the key priorities for management. The result in most wooings helps to distinguish amidst high severity/low frequency and high frequency/ low severity losses, but which in general gives no denotation as to what management actions to turn over in order to change the existing risk profile. Anot her way is to map the risks to the descriptors of a business activity where they can occur and identify the key risk factors and drivers in the process. This leads to a somewhat more complex result, rich in qualitative information rather than in quantitative assessment, but bad very clear indications as to which parts of the process should be changed in order to make a difference to the overall risk exposure. It also allows for the identification of the KRIs that are more relevant to each risk exposure.Pursuing the application of KRIs to operational risk assessment is suggested by the need to inhibit the various issues we find with purely statistical approaches as well as the impact that managerial closings may have on the operational risk profile. In market and credit risk bill, the key managerial decisions are taken in deciding portfolio composition, thereby affecting the resulting risk profile directly and in a manner that touchstone models have no problem in capturing. In operational risk measurement, on the other hand, managerial decisions may affect the risk profile in a number of different ways ( finished changes in control procedures, systems, personnel, to name but a few), none of which any measurement model can capture in a simple and direct way. Statistical approaches in particular will be at a loss in taking into account such changes, as historical data will reflect a risk and control environment which by and large no longer exists. The requirement of the new Basel Accord (Basel Committee on Banking Supervision, 2004) to base risk assessment on 5 years of historical data if taken too literally will have banks generating risk capital charges on the basis of information largely unrelated to the current and, even less, the coming(prenominal) risk and control environment.1.3. Research QuestionThis work to start with will take a step back and ask the fundamental question of why do banks fail? Further the work shall research the recommendations of BASEL II and will try to seek the answer for Will the BASEL II requirements make the systematic goals of safety and stability more achievable for banks/FIs? If yes, how? If no, how?1.4. MotivationAppropriate Organizational structure is a precondition for orderly management of any activity/ group operative within the purview of organizational capabilities. operable risk management is all pervasive in terms of activities of an organization e.g. if people factor in operational management is poorly managed in a bank, other activities of the bank e.g. credit/market risk management, are likely to suffer . Similarly, legal aspects of any exertion/ function, if loosely dealt with, increases the likelihood of loss to the organization.Organizational structure for operational risk management needs to be compact and all-inclusive-based. The structure must be matched with -an organizations sizecomplexity of trading operations and area of operationsin tune with its risk appetite.The area of operational risk management is a matter of savvy which comes to a lower place(a) the purview of regulatory authorities/banks.Through my research I have tried out to make out a clear and crisp understanding of BASEL II accord for Banks/FIs in operational risk perspective. The work shall also try to suggest the suitable customization of BASEL II recommendations and implications of the same for effectively managing operational risk. It may also lead to forecasting the emerging trends in operational risk and ways to mitigate the same.1.5. Chapter SchemeThe chapter scheme of my dissertation is as followsChapter 2 This chapter describes the literature review and the findings.Chapter 3 This chapter describes research methodology and some of the variables included in data-based analysis.Chapter 4 This chapter provides the basis of qualitative research.Chapter 5 This chapter gives details of case studies analyzed for research purpose.Chapter 6 This chapter discuses the analysis and the findings.Chapter 7 This chapter includes the conclusion.CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW2.1. IntroductionUntil very recently, it has been believed that banks are exposed to two main risks. In the order of importance they are credit risk (i.e., counterparty failure risk) and market risk (i.e., risk of loss due to changes in market indicators, such as equity sets, interest rates and exchange rates). Operational risk has been regarded as a mere part of other risks.Operational risk is not a new fantasy for banks operational losses have been reflected in banks balance sheets for more decades. They occur in the banking industry every day. Operational risk affects the soundness and operating efficiency of all banking activities and all business units. We begin our discussion with an explanation of the notion of risk.2.2. Risk and Risk ManagementIn the financial context, risk is the fundamental element that affects financial behavior. There is no unique or uniform definition of risk diff erent financial institutions may define risk slightly differently, depending on the specifics of their banking structure, operations and investment strategies. The definition of risk also depends on the context.In the economics literature, generally risk is not necessarily a negative concept, and is understood as uncertainty about future or the dispersion of actual from anticipate results. In the context of business investment, risk is the excitableness of expected future cash-flows (measured, for example, by the standard deviation), and in the context of the Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM) is the risk of asset price volatility due to market-related factors and is captured by . Such definitions do not exclude the possibility of positive outcomes. Hence, for the operational risk we need a different definition.1For the purposes of operational risk modeling and analysis, the definitions from insurance are more appropriate, as the notion of risk in insurance has a negative meaning attached to it. Risk is perceived as the probability and impact of a negative deviation, the probability or potential of sustaining a loss, a condition in which there is a possibility of an untoward deviation from a desired outcome that is expected or hoped for 2, or an expression of the danger that the effective future outcome will deviate from the expected or planned outcome in a negative way 3. As the next step, we need to distinguish operational risk from other categories of financial risk.A comprehensive framework of risk management is applicable equally to all types of bank (Iqbal and Mirakhor, 2007). The process of risk management is a two (2) step process. The initiative is to identify the source of the risk, i.e. to identify the leading variables causing the risk. The second is to devise methods to quantify the risk using mathematical models, in order to understand the risk profile of the instrument.Once a general framework of risk identification and management is develop ed, the techniques can be applied to different situations, products, instruments and institutions.It is crucial for all banks to have comprehensive risk management framework as there is ontogenesis realization among IBs that sustainable growth critically depends on the breeding of a comprehensive risk management framework (Greuning and Iqbal, 2007).A robust risk management framework can help banks to reduce their exposure to risks, and enhance their ability to compete in the market (Iqbal and Mirakhor, 2007). A reduction in each institutions exposure will reduce the systemic risk as well. Hence, it is necessary that banks have in place a comprehensive risk management and reporting process to identify, measure, monitor, manage, report and control different categories of risks.2.2.1. Understanding Risk and Risk ManagementIt is important for staff of banking institutions to understand the aspect of risk in the banking operations and the risks that are inherent and exposed in their bu siness operations. Better understanding of risk management is also necessary especially in the financial intermediation activities where managing risk is one of the important activities. A study conducted by Boston Consulting mathematical group (2001) found that the sole determining success factors is not the technical development but the ability to understand risk strategicalally and also the ability to accost and control risk organizationally. Secondly, in order to realize a risk based management philosophy, the attitude and mindset of the employees need to be changed whereby they must be brought to understand that managing risk is crucial for success. This implies that there must be intensive training, cl archaean defined structures and responsibilities, as well as commitment to change. In addition, it was identify that banks in North America and Australia concentrate on risk management primarily to enhance their competitive positions. Meanwhile in Europe, Asia and particularl y in conspiracy America, risk management is considered primary from the perspective of regulatory requirements.Then, Al-Tamimi and Al-Mazrooei (2007) found that the UAE banks staff have good understanding of risk and risk management, which might give an indication about the ability of these banks to manage risks efficiently in the future. Moreover, understanding risk and risk management had positive effect on risk management get along although it is insignificant.2.2.2. Requirement for Risk ManagementRisk management framework is important for banks. The risk management strategy must be integrated with its overall corporate strategies (e.g. Froot and Stein, 2004). In conjunction with the underlying frameworks, basic risk management process that is generally accepted is the practice of identifying, analysing, measuring, and defining the desired risk level through risk control and risk transfer. BCBS (2001) defines financial risk management as a sequence of four (4) processes (1) th e identification of events into one or more broad categories of market, credit, operational and other risks into specific sub-categories (2) the assessment of risks using data and risk model (3) the monitoring and reporting of the risk assessments on a timely basis and (4) the control of these risks by senior management. BCBS (2006), on risk management processes, require supervisors to be satisfied that the banks and their banking groups have in place a comprehensive risk management process. This would include the Board and senior management to identify, evaluate, monitor and control or mitigate all material risks and to assess their overall capital sufficiency in relation to their risk profile. In addition, as suggested by Al-Tamimi (2002), in managing risk, commercial banks can follow comprehensive risk management process which includes octet (8) steps exposure identification data gathering and risk quantification management objectives product and control guidelines risk managem ent evaluation strategy development executing and performance evaluation (e.g. Baldoni, 2008 and Harrington and Niehaus, 2009).2.2.3. Risk IdentificationThere are few conceptual studies on risk identification of financial institutions (e.g. Kromschroder and Luck, 2008 Luck 2008 Pausenberger and Nassauer, 2000 Tchankova, 2002 Barton et al. 2002 ) and few empirical studies that include risk identification of banks (e.g. Al-Tamimi, 2002 Al-Tamimi and Al-Mazrooei, 2007). Risk identification is the first stage of risk management (Tchankova, 2002) and a very important step in risk management (Al-Tamimi and Al-Mazrooei, 2007). The first task of the risk management is to classify the corporate risks according to their different types (Pausenberger and Nassauer, 2000). The first step in organizing the implementation of the risk management function is to establish the crucial observation areas inside and outside the mint (Kromschroder and Luck, 2008). Then, the departments and the employees must be assigned with responsibilities to identify specific risks. For instance, interest rate risks or foreign exchange risks are the main domain of the financial department. It is important to ensure that the risk management function is established throughout the whole corporation i.e. apart from parent company, the subsidiaries too have to identify risks, analyze risks and so on.Pausenberger and Nassauer (2000) also state that it is well(predicate) for most corporations to implement early warning systems. An early warning system is a special information system enabling the management board to identify risks in time by observing the development of defined indicators (Luck, 2008). Other instruments that could be used to identify risks are checklists of possible disturbances or breakdowns, risk workshops, examination of corporate processes, internal inspections and interviews, loss balance, etc. It is advisable to make use of the knowledge and skill of outdoor(a) experts, for ins tance, forecasts of banks about the development of interest rates or foreign exchange rates. There are many other approaches for risk identification, for instance, scenario analysis or risk mapping. An organization can identify the frequency and severity of the risks through risk mapping which could assist the organization to stay away from high frequency and low severity risks and instead focus more on the low frequency and high severity risk. Risk identification process includes risk-ranking components where these ranking are usually based on impact, severity or dollar effects (Barton et al. 2002). According to him, the analysis helps to sort risk according to their importance and assists the management to develop risk management strategy to allocate resources efficiently.2.3. Operational RiskOperational Risk is one of the important arms of the risk management triangle -the other two being Credit Risk and Market (Treasury) Risk. Any organization, particularly in the banking sector , is squarely exposed to operational risks emanating within or outside the organization (Levine and Hoffman, 2004).There was no precise definition of operational risk until Basel Accord II came into being in June 2004. Furthermore, for the first time in the history of global banking, operational in capital charge has been made a mandatory requirement in banking. This certainly puts in a lot of stress and strain on a banks management.Operational Risk is also known as Transaction Risk in some countries in order to efficiently face this new challenge in risk management, the prerequisites are -creation of risk culture and enterprise wide operational risk awareness. Proactive steps at all the levels of operation will operate as a safety value and in the process, may facilitate lower risk capital charge (Bagchi, 2006).As it has been mentioned that until the release of Basel Accord II in June 2004, there was no universal definition of operational risk in banking (Anna et al., 2007) . It wa s generally believed that as risk would mean loss in any event or transaction, any risk other than credit risk and market risk would have to be reckoned as an operational risk, without the need of creating any separate identity for such risk. However this way of looking at operational risks is dangerously vague. Prof Hans Geiger, an international authority on risk management, has viewed operational risk from a direct angle and an indirect angle as underIndirect Angle Operational risks are all those risks which cannot e classified as credit risk or market risk.Direct Angle Operational risk is an expression of the danger of unexpected direct or indirect losses resulting from inadequate or failed internal processes, people and systems and from external events.Basel Accord II has laid down the following definition for adoption by the countries and hence this should be treated as a standard definition of operational riskOperational risk is the risk of loss resulting from inadequate or fa iled internal processes, people and systems or from external events. This definition includes legal risk but excludes strategic and reputation risk. (Bagchi, 2006)2.3.1. Reasons for Increasing Focus on Operational Risk Management* On going spate ( sudden trend flow) of financial deregulation procedures due to globalization.* Influence of technology and automation in managing business with other side effects.* Complex organizational structures arising out of re organization of business enterprises (e.g. merger/ de -merger etc.).* Opportunities for business process outsourcing.* Growing complexity of products/services, as banks now provide total business services and employ CRM (Customer Relationship Management) in their business activities.* With liberalization and globalization, banks compete very hard with each other for business.* Capital allocation for operational risks is a prime requisite for todays business organizations.2.3.3. Operational Risk Vs Operations RiskOperational Risk has a wider coverage wherein process, people, systems etc. of an organization are also considered. In general while operational risk is analogous to operations risk, in the context of risk management, they are not alike as will be evident from the following tableTable 1 trait between Operational Risk and Operations RiskAccording to the Kenneth Swensen of Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago, there is a clear demarcation between operational risk and operations risk, from the viewpoint of relative risk contents.Operational risk should deserve special attention for an organization so that its procedures become full Basel Accord II compliant.He remark regarding Basel II is , under Basel II, if you are not moving forward, you are losing ground.The distinctions are clearly mentioned below Operational RiskOperations Risk1. Operational Risk encompasses enterprise wide risk of loss arising out of inadequate, failed internal processes, people system or from external events.1. Operations Ris k encompasses risk by loss arising out of back office reconciling processes and does not generally cover front office functions.2. integrate risk management is the watch dog of such risk management function in the organization2. Internal audit Department usually manages such risks. It is the first line of defense.3. Basel Accord II specifies capital charge computation based on three approaches evolved for the purpose.3. There is no requirement for any specific capital charge.4. The organization must prepare and periodically update on operational risk policy mentioning, and should frame a computation method of measurement of operational risk capital.4. There is no need for any specific policy document since each organization is guided by its manual/ guard of instruction.5. Regulatory Authority under pillar II has the responsibilities to review enterprise wide operational risk management of the organization.5. Regulatory Authorities do not have any Pillar II responsibility. They ma y review operation risk as an ingredient of operational risk.6. Corporate disposal study must take into account operational risk management of an organization especially the effect of any human error/skill deficiency aspects.6. Corporate Governance angle does no form part of operations risk.2.3.4. Distinction between Operational Risk and Operational CrisisOperational risk is an all inclusive concept covering - intra -organizational ( internal ) risks such as those related to people, processes and systems external events such as natural calamities, terrorism etc.In case of extreme external events such as natural catastrophes, there is no real distinction between operational risk and operations risk since such an event requires crisis management initiative. But a routine operational risk management drug requires operational crisis management to avert serious consequences.The points of distinction are enumerated as underOperational RiskOperational Crisis1. Operational Risk includes elements of Expected and unexpected (expected loss such as loss in process errors of say 0.1% of common income).1. Operational Crises covers only unexpected loss.2. The continuity of business is not affected if some operational risk events do not have serious implications on organizations position (say, internal fraud of 0.1% of annual net profit).2. An organizations continuity may be seriously affected if the crisis event is catastrophic.3. Operational risk management dose not generally imply disaster recovery.3. Operational crisis management generally involves disaster recovery.4. Operational risk factors do not generally trigger off reputational risk (a minor processing error in a customers savings account may not effect the banks reputation).4. Crisis event may sometimes (e.g. product failure, contamination etc., Union Carbide Gas leak incident in MP) triggers off reputational risk leading to fall in market share, equity share price etc.5. Operational risk management in genera lly concerned with two phasesi. incidentii. recovery5. Operational crisis management generally involves three phasei. incidentii. recoveryiii. continuity6. Operational risk may not always turn out to be a danger.6. Operational crisis is generally of a moment of danger.2.3.5. Effective way of managing Operational RiskPoor operational risk management, especially in the banking sector, may generate serious financial losses caused by external/internal fraud, system failure, and other related operational lapses. Damage to a banks reputation, even if it is a private bank, may also be severe. Effective operational risk management provides boosts sale by taking care of the following It tends to minimize severity or frequency of operational risk loses. It creates a mechanism to optimize operational effectiveness throughout the bank. Various business portfolios are better managed if the processes, systems and procedures are sound, together with people strength. Strategic decision making by senior management is supported by a robust risk management system. It ensures business continuity, as there are high probabilities of unexpected operational events owing to changing trends and globalization. Capital allocation can be optimally utilized to the advantage of the bank.2.3.6. Traditional Vs Modern Approach of Operational Risk ManagementTraditional Operational Risk ManagementBanks were managing operational risks in a traditional manner, going by the belief that such risks are really residual risks that remain after the dominant risks of credit risk and market risk have been taken care of .Hence meager attention was protracted to managing operational risks.Under the traditional approach, routine operational controls in banking were mainly through internal checks, balancing of ledgers, careful recruiting process etc. Audit and ossification aspects. Insurance against risks was resorted to where necessary.Modern Operational Risk ManagementOperational risk management in bank ing took the shape of modern approach with the release of Basel Accord II ( recommendations on banking laws and regulations ) in June04.Modern approach of operational risk management aims at creating and maintaining an effective operational risk management strategy. This approach involves the following elements practical measurement framework on operational risk factors as against sole reliance on internal checks, auditors etc. Operational risk losses calculated and summarized on the basis of past loss data and estimate for the future forms the core of strategic decision making especially for developing a new product or for encouraging a new technology. Quantification of various operational risk factors facilitates optimal capital allocation. Staff skill development exercise on an regular basis enables better output with lesser probability of errors and losses.2.3.7. Operational Risk A Challenge to Financial Institutions and RegulatorsOperational Risk exhibits more severity than C redit Risk, Market Risk Liquidity Risk. Global Association of Risk Professionals (GARP) has also undertaken a number of new initiatives to educate the organizations about the Operational risk.Operational Risk is capable of eroding the complete organization and can cause huge loss on the reliability factor of the financial company. As per GARP, Operational risk shall be the single largest risk facing the financial industry the world over by the year 2010. The most difficult part in managing operational risk is the fact that the threats and challenges can originate and spread at the speed of thought in operations of a Bank.The financial industry is growing all over the world in spite of the poor economic indicators forcing stricter regulations, policies and thus prompts greater awareness of the various challenges faced by financial industry.Operational risk ( especially for financial industry )should be placed at the highest level of attention in order to ensure smooth functioning of the organization as it can hamper the organizations future growth.Regulators formulating the policies and regulations for effective management of operational risk are faced by the following challenges - Ever changing requirements of policies. Policies are expensive to start and implement at the workplace. They also hamper the normal functioning of financial organization and requires trainings across all verticals. Employee and customer participation is difficult to managed.2.3.8. Operational Risk and Financial OrganizationsAdvent of newer and convenient technology for various processes and tasks has made - our financial system has become more susceptible to attacks by hackers and viruses.The system needs to quarantined ( detained) for all possible leak holes and if found must be plugged immediately because of the following reasons - The financial system is the backbone of miserliness for any country or region. It is the system that makes the economy grow and maintain its track. It is of prime importance that the operational risk at this industry must be managed with utmost care.With increasing level of pilferage at the financial system,

Production of Single Cell Protein

product of Single Cell ProteinABSTRACTThe possibility of apply Koji do fermentor for, Arachniotus citrinus and Candida utilis, individual cell protein (SCP) output signal was investigated. The MBP was produced from de crudeed sieve bran in 300 Kg Koji making fermentor after optimize fermentation conditions in 250 ml flasks by solid state fermentation. The A. citrinus supported level best fosters of substratum to pissing balance (12), 0.05% MgSO4.7H2O, 0.075% CaCl2. 2H2O, 0.25% KH2PO4, CN (121), 1ml molasses (10% solution), 0.6 ml barm sludge, and 2 ml clavus steep liquor piece of music 2ml molasses (10% solution) and 0.25g urea for C. utilis for maximum crude protein productivity. The SCP in the 300 Kg Koji making fermentor contained crude protein, veritable protein, protein gain, ether extract, ash, crude quality, and ribonucleic acid study of 30.13 %, 23.74 %, 2.97 %, 14.71 %, 6.77 %, 3.383% respectively. The dried SCP showed a gross energy nurture of 3675 Kcal/kg and contained increase the levels of all essential and non-essential amino acids. The results suggest that A. citrinus and C. utilis cultures displace be utilize for the merchandise of SCP without extensive modification in Koji making fermentor on large scale solid state fermentation.Keywords Solid state fermentation sieve bran unity cell protein Arachniotus citrinus Candida utilis Koji making fermentor1. IntroductionA growing alarm for the severe food scarcity for the worlds change magnitude population has led to the utilization of non- naturalized food sources as potential alternatives. Developing countries like Pakistan urgently need to increase livestock and poultry product to enhance meat, milk and egg supplies to meet protein requirement of increasing population. In Pakistan, poultry diligence has played a main responsibility in providing animal protein (in the form of eggs and meat) to common man. But feed industry is facing massive shortage of both plant and animal ba sed feed ingredients. These are the main constraints in the development of poultry industry. (Rajoka et al., 2006)One mathematical alternative is to ferment cheap non-conventional agro-industrial by-products to produce single cell protein (SCP). These residues through fermentation will reduce the pollution as good as depict a potential source of carbon and energy for outturn of SCP which is an economical, quite comparable to animal protein and potential supplemental protein source. The SCP can replace costly conventional protein sources like soybean meal and fishmeal for feeding poultry, livestock and humans (Singh et al., 1991 Pacheco et al., 1997, Anupama and P. Ravindera., 2000).Solid state fermentation (SSF) refers to the cultivation of microorganisms (mainly fungi) on a solid medium, with a moisture mental object that ensures result and metabolism of microorganisms 5. (Del Bianchi et al., 2001). In SSF, the solid material acts as physical support and source of contrasti ng nutrients. SSF systems offer several economical and possible advantages such as higher product concentproportionn, improved product recovery, very simple cultivation equipment, cut back waste water output, begin capital enthronement and set about plant ope balancen costs (Muniswaran et al., 1994). In SSF of agro-industrial byproducts can be increase their nutritional chemical composition, example, by increasing protein discipline 6,7. (Rudravaram et al., 2006 Ravinder et al., 2003), improve the phenolic content and antioxidant potential of fermented foods by development incompatible microorganisms. (Lin et al., 2006 Zhang et al., 2008, Lee et al., 2008, Randhir et al., 2004, Lateef et al., 2008 Bhanja et al. (2008).The yeast Candida utilis has been frequently use in SCP production because of its ease of isolation, can grew very well at room temperature, ability to utilize a variety of carbon sources such as rice polishings (Rajoka et al., 2006), potato amylum waste wate rs (Glinas and Barrette, 2007), salad oil manufacturing wastewater (Zheng et al., 2005) and molasses (Nigam and Vogel, 1991), to support high protein yield, its minimal energy requirements and. It has been used for production of several industrial products both for human and animal consumption (Zayed and Mostafa, 1992 Pacheco et al., 1997 Kondo et al., 1997 Otero et al., 1998, Adoki, 2002). It has withal been used as a host to produce several chemicals, such as glutathione (Liang et al., 2008), monellin (Kondo et al., 1997) and ethyl acetate (Christen et al., 1999).Mycelia tips of fungi easily penetrate in hard substrate and produce much higher amount of the SCP as compared to submerged fermentation.6 A novel native fungal strain, Arachniotus citrinus is a white rot mesophillic fungus and has been used for the SCP on small scale by using different agro industrial wastes.7 Shaukat et al., 2006 Previous studies of Arachniotus citrinus also proved that it has effective cellulases, glu coamylase producer in waste bread medium. soused resistance profile of from A. citrinus against proteases was discover. Jabbar et al., 2004 However, in that respect is no literature reported to optimize the culture conditions for A. citrinus and C. utilis in rice bran on large scale by using Koji making fermentor for its reutilization in poultry rations and its biological evaluation in chickens. The main goal is to develop an optimal process on large scale SCP for rice bran with high protein content for poultry and livestock feed industry.MATERIALS AND METHODS2.1. Rice branRice bran was obtained from study Feed Industries, Lahore, Pakistan. It was then sealed in polyethylene bags and stored at 4C for further use.2.2. Determination of different components in rice branThe proximate analysis of rice bran was conducted to estimate its nutritive composition by following the methods of the draw of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC,1994). Triplicate samples of rice bran were analyze d for moisture, crude protein, crude fat, crude fiber, total ash, northward free extract and cellulose contents.2.3. OrganismArachniotus citrinus and Candida utilis (a gift from the National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (NIBGE), Faisalabad, Pakistan) were obtained. Both microorganisms were maintained on potato dextrose agar (PDA) slants at 4C and regular switching on the PDA slant at the interval of 15 days to keep them viable. Both Arachniotus citrinus and Candida utilis were used to prepare seed culture by transferring a loopful of cells to 200 ml seed culture medium in a 1000 ml Erlenmeyer flask. The medium for Arachniotus citrinus was containing (g/L) rice bran, 20 CaCl2. 2H2O, 0.025 MgSO4.7H2O, 0.025 KH2PO4, 2 Urea 18.9 and freehanded at 35C with pH 4 while the medium for C. utilis was containing (g L-1) KH2PO4,5.0 (NH4)2SO4, 5.0 CaCl2, 0.13 MgSO4, 0.5 yeast extract, 0.5 and grown at 35C with pH 6 on an orbital shaker (150 rpm for 24 h). 13,142.3.1. fo rce of moisture content on Arachniotus citrinus SCP productionFactors such as moisture content, ionic concentrations of MgSO4.7H2O, CaCl2 .2H2O, KH2PO4 , carbon to north ration(CN), molasses (10% solution), yeast sludge, and corn steep liquor for Arachniotus citrinus and molasses (10% solution) and urea for C. utilis affecting the SCP production were standardized by adopting the search technique by varying one federal agent at a time. The optimized parameter of one experiment was followed for succeeding experiments.In the first experiment, the effect of moisture content (ranging from substrate to water ratios of 12, 11, 1.51, and 21) on fungal SCP production, 5 g of rice bran was steamed, inoculated and incubated for 3 days at 35 C for the optimization of water content. All media were modify to pH 4.0 with 1 M NaOH or 1 M HCl. A portion of SCP was used for the estimation of crude protein and true protein by following the methods of the sleeper of Official Analytical Chemists (A OAC, 1994). The protein gain in the fermented rice bran was calculated according to Equation 1, while, the correction factors of 5.7 for rice bran and of 6.25 for fermented biomass calculations.Protein Gain %=(NF-NF0) X6.25 X100(NF0X5.7)Where NF = nitrogen content in fermented rice bran on as such basis, NF0= nitrogen content in unfermented bran.The moisture content favoring maximum fungal SCP production was followed for subsequent experiments.2.3.2. Effect of ionic concentration on fungal SCPTo find out the influence of different ionic concentrations of MgSO4.7H2O, CaCl2 .2H2O and KH2PO4 on A. citrinus SCP production, SSF was carried out for 3 days at 35C with pH 4 at ionic concentrations of MgSO4.7H2O (0, 0.025, 0.05, 0.075 and 0.1%), CaCl2 .2H2O (0, 0.025, 0.05, 0.075 and 0.1%) and KH2PO4 (0, 0.05, 0.1, 0.15, 0.20 and 0.25 %). The ionic concentrations giving high amount of SCP were taken as an optimum and applied for subsequent evaluation. All another(prenominal) chemicals were of analytical grade.2.3.3. Effect of molassesThe effect of different levels of 10% molasses (0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 ml) on fungal SCP was also evaluated by conducting experiments for brooding period of 3 days at 35C with pH 4. The other parameters were kept at their optimum levels.2.3.4. Effect of yeast sludgeExperiments were conducted to find out the effect of assorted concentrations of yeast sludge on SCP production of A. citrinus by conducting SSF on sterilized 5g rice bran in 250 ml Erlenmeyer flask for 3 days at 35C with pH 4. Optimum levels of all the other derived parameters were used. The yeast sludge giving maximum SCP production was determined as an optimum level of yeast sludge.2.4. Effect of corn steep liquorThe effect of various concentrations of corn steep liquor (0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2.0, and 2.5 ml) on fungal SCP was also evaluated by conducting experiments at 35C with pH 4 for incubation period of 3 days. The other parameters were kept at their optimum levels. Corn ste ep liquor was obtained(a gift) from the Rafhan Maize Products (Pvt) Ltd, Faisalabad.2.5. Effect of various concentrations of molasses and urea on Candida utilis SCP productionTo demonstrate the influence of various concentrations of 10% molasses (0, 1, 2, 3, and 4 ml), and urea (0, 0.1, 0.15, 0.2, 0.25, and 0.3g) on yeast SCP production, experiments were conducted on 5g sterilized rice bran with C. utilis for 3 days at 35C with the pH of 6.0. The media were adjusted to pH 6.0 with 1 M NaOH or 1 M HCl.2.6 Large scale single cell protein production by solid state fermentationThe optimum conditions determined for SCP production by SSF of A. citrinus and C. utilis (in 250ml Erlenmeyer flask) were extended to ferment 300 kg rice bran in a Koji making fermentor (Fujiwara Techno- Art Co. Ltd, Japan) for the production of SCP(Fig 1). A simple SSF process was followed. Major components of the rotary bed koji maker are a traffic circle bed with a perforated bottom plate for up-flow aeration a restore of adjustable speed mixer for plowing up rice bran during SSF a set of screw for sterilized substrate feed-in and SCP discharge, an air sterilizer and a humidifier. Temperature and humidity sensors are inserted for monitoring and control the temperature and humidity, respectively. pH was monitored frequently by using pH meter. There was some modification (the Koji bed was covered with cheesecloth) for large scale SCP production of A. citrinus and C. utilis in a more hygienic and controllable conditions with mechanized koji making facilities. The SCP product obtained on large scale was analyzed after drying at 70 C in a hot air oven (AOAC Methods, 1994) and RNA content was analyzed as described previously (Pacheco et al., 1997 Rajoka et al., 2006).2.6.2. Gross energyIt was determined by Parr oxygen method using Parr oxygen bomb calorimeter. The calorific value was calculated from the heat generated by the combustion of known weight of the sample in the presence of 20 atmos pheric pressure of oxygen reaction.3. Results and DiscussionRice bran is a by-product of the rice milling industry and used in animal feed, in fertilizer and by the cosmetics industry. It has a high nutritive value and serves as a valuable feed for cattle, poultry, and pigs. The protein content (10-15 %) of rice bran supply al well-nigh the same amount of protein as wheat and oats and even its protein is of considerably go quality than maize. The chemical composition of rice bran used in this experiment for SCP protein contain moisture content 2.50%, crude protein 13.50%, crude fat 3.01%, crude fiber 11.82%, ash content 11.40%, carbon content 40.35% and cellulose 9.70%. Because of the high nutrient contents, it was selected as a potential alternative substrate for the production of SCP by using A. citrinus and C. utilis. The base objectives of this study were to evaluate the potential of A. citrinus for SSF by using rice bran and production of fungal and yeast C. utilis biomass pr otein on large scale. Maximum microbial biomass protein from A. citrinus was obtained at optimal temperature 35 C, pH 4 and incubation time 3 d while for C. utilis optimal temperature 35 C, pH 6 and incubation time 3 d were selected (data not shown).3.1. Effect of moisture contentSolid-state fermentation is a well adopted method for cultivating fungi on agro-industrial wastes. It offers benefits for production of many enzymes and various chemicals. Solid-state fermentation has lower energy requirements, smaller effluent volumes, higher productivity, simple and easy operation of solid state fermentors. SSF is epoch-makingly moved(p) by different factors such as selection of a proper strain, substrate and other processing parameters for fermentation such as moisture content, temperature, pH, incubation period, ionic concentrations of different anions and cations, different sources of carbon and nitrogen etc. In this study, different levels of moisture content were used to determin e the optimum level of water to obtain maximum yield of fungal A. citrinus SCP.The results of our study indicated that the maximum level of SCP production (in terms of crude protein %) was detect at substrate to water ratio of 12 by using fungal A. citrinus in SSF. A significant decrease (p 0.05) in SCP production was ascertained at 11(2.24%), 1.51(16.39%) and 21(23.57%) as compared to 11. A similar trend was discover in true protein% and protein gain%. The maximum level of true protein% was observed at 12 while it was decrease at 11(1.15%), 1.51(15.78%) and 21(23.19%) as compared to 11. The highest protein gain % was observed at 12 while it was decreased at 11(5.08%), 1.51(37.27%) and 21(53.66%) as compared to 11.It was already reported that at 6% moisture (w/v) corn stover had increased the microbial biomass protein production by sequential culture fermentation with Arachniotus sp., at pH 4, 35 C for 72 h and then followed by C. utilis fermentation at pH 6, 35 C for 72 h (Ahmad et al., 2010). Zambare., (2010) lay down that Aspergillus oryzae had increased the glucoamylase enzyme production at 100% (v/w) initial moisture by using different agro-industrial wastes of SSF. Sharma and Satyanarayana., 2012 found the highest production of a pectinase enzyme of Bacillus pumilus dcsr1 at moisture ratio of 1 2.5 by using different agro-residues in SSF.Generally low moisture content has been reported for maximum fungal growth, more utilization of substrate and significant advantage is lowering the risk of bacterial species contamination. This variation in moisture content capacity be due to differences in fermenting fungal specie, and substrate. The reduction in SCP production at 11 of moisture content might be due to non-availability of nutrients due to lower moisture content and of lower water natural action that affected the microbial activities because of limitation in the nutrient solubilization, lower degree of substrate swelling and decrease in diffusion of gas to the cell during fermentation (Nagadi and Correria, 1992 Ellaiah et al., 2004). Even higher concentrations of moisture also affected the microbial enzymes metabolic activities as a result of substrate stickiness, less porous nature of substrate and very limited oxygen transfer during the process of SSF in fermentor (Kumar et al., 2003 Pandey et al., 2000).Effect of different ionic concentrations of MgSO4.7H2O, CaCl2 .2H2O, and KH2PO4 on SCP productionAll the required metallic elements Mg, Ca and K can be supplied in the form of the cations of inorganic salts and they are normally required in relatively large amounts. satisfying variation (p 0.05) of SCP production was observed at different concentrations of MgSO4.7H2O. Maximum production was observed at 0.05%MgSO4.7H2O. Beyond 0.05%MgSO4.7H2O, the production of SCP was significantly lower. Concentrations above 0.05%MgSO4.7H2O also reduce the biomass production indicating the optimum level of MgSO4.7H2O for SCP production for A. citrinus was 0.05%.A significant difference (p 0.05) in SCP production (on crude protein% basis) was observed at control 0.0% (1.43%), 0.025% (0.24%) 0.075% (4.46%) and 0.10% (5.28%) as compared to 0.05% MgSO4.7H2O. When we compared supplement of different levels of MgSO4.7H2O for SCP production, we found that there were increased in production of SCP at 0.025% (1.20%) and 0.05% (1.45%) while there were decreased at 0.075% (3.07%) and 0.10% (3.91%) as compared to control 0.0% MgSO4.7H2O.The maximum levels of true protein% were observed at 0.025% and 0.05%. The average value of TP% was 17.08 0.06. When we compared with the highest value of TP% with different levels of MgSO4.7H2O, it was found that the TP% was lower at 0.0% (1.87%) while it was decreased at 0.05% (0.23%), 0.075% (4.85%) and 0.1% (9.76%) of MgSO4.7H2O. When we compared the effect of different levels of MgSO4.7H2O on true protein%, we found that there were increased in TP% at 0.025% (1.37%) and 0.05% (1.66%) w hile there were decreased at 0.075% (3.03%) and 0.10% (8.04%) as compared to control 0.0% MgSO4.7H2O.The highest protein gain% was observed at 0.05% MgSO4.7H2O 88.46 0.11 while it was lower at 0.0% (3.91%), 0.025% (0.55%) and decreased at 0.075% (10.0%) and 0.10% (21.02%) as compared to 0.05% MgSO4.7H2O. When we compared the influence of different inclusion levels of MgSO4.7H2O on protein gain%, we found that there were increased in PG% at 0.025% (2.69%) and 0.05% (3.26%) while there were decreased at 0.075% (7.06%) and 0.10% (18.44%) as compared to control 0.0% MgSO4.7H2O.Production of A. citrinus biomass protein was greatly influenced by different levels of CaCl2.2H2O. A significant increase in SCP production was observed in SSF by increasing the initial levels of CaCl2.2H2O from 0.025% to 0.075%. Maximum production of SCP was observed at 0.075% CaCl2.2H2O (24.66% 0.00). However, at 0.10% CaCl2.2H2O SCP production was decreased significantly (Table. 3).Significant variation (p 0 .05) in SCP production (on crude protein% basis) was observed at control 0.0% (1.01%), 0.025% (0.64%) 0.05% (0.28%) and 0.1% (1.45%) as compared to 0.075% CaCl2.2H2O. When we compared supplementation of different levels of CaCl2.2H2O for SCP production, we found that there were increased in production of SCP at 0.025% (0.36%), 0.05% (0.73%) and 0.075% (1.02%) while there was decreased at 0.10% (0.45%) as compared to control 0.0% CaCl2.2H2O.The maximum levels of true protein% were observed at 0.05% and 0.075% (average value 17.26 0.01). When we compared the highest value of TP% with other levels of CaCl2.2H2O, it was found that the TP% was lower at 0.0% (1.01%), 0.025% (0.64%) and 0.05% (0.28%) while it was decreased at 0.01% (1.45%) of CaCl2.2H2O. However, when we compared the effect of different levels of CaCl2.2H2O on true protein%, we found that there were increased in TP% at 0.025% (0.35%), 0.05% (0.93%) and 0.075% (1.22%) while there was decreased at 0.10% (0.05%) as compared to control 0.0% CaCl2.2H2O.The highest protein gain% was observed at 0.075% (90.69% 0.05) CaCl2.2H2O while it was lower at 0.0% (2.28%), 0.025% (1.43%) and 0.05% (0.61%) and decreased at 0.10% (3.21%) as compared to 0.075% CaCl2.2H2O. When we compared the influence of different inclusion levels of CaCl2.2H2O on protein gain%, we found that there were increased in PG% at 0.025% (0.86%), 0.05% (1.70%) and 0.075% (2.33%) while there was decreased at 0.10% (0.95%) as compared to control 0.0% CaCl2.2H2O.The maximum level of fungal SCP production was observed at 0.25% KH2PO4 level. A significant increase (p 0.05) was observed in SCP production from 0.05-0.25% KH2PO4 after SSF of rice bran with A. citrinus.Significant variations (p 0.05) in the SCP production was observed at 0.0% (15.29%), 0.05% (14.30%), 0.10% (11.55%), 0.15% (7.35%) and 0.20% (2.68%) as compared to maximum increase production of SSP at 0.25% KH2PO4. When we compared supplementation of different levels of KH2PO4 for SCP production, we found that there were increased in production of SCP at 0.05% (1.17%), 0.10% (4.42%), 0.15% (9.37%), 0.20% (14.89%) and 0.25% (18.06%) as compared to control 0.0% KH2PO4.A similar trend was observed in true protein% and protein gain%. The maximum level of true protein% was observed at 0.25% KH2PO4 (20.39% 0.02). The true protein% of different levels of KH2PO4 were observed at 0.0% (15.49%), 0.05% (14.46%), 0.10% (11.47%), 0.15% (7.55%) and 0.20% (2.79%) as compared to 0.25%. However, when we compared the effect of different levels of KH2PO4 on true protein%, we found that there were increased in TP% at 0.05% (1.21%), 0.10% (4.75%), 0.15% (9.40%), 0.20% (15.03%) and 0.25% (18.34%) as compared to control 0.0% KH2PO4.The highest protein gain% was observed at 0.25% (126.69% 0.17). The protein gain% of different levels of KH2PO4 were observed at 0.0% (28.57%), 0.05% (26.71%), 0.10% (21.58%), 0.15% (13.75%) and 0.20% (5.00%) as compared to 0.25% KH2PO4. When we compared t he influence of different inclusion levels of KH2PO4 on protein gain%, we found that there were increased in PG% at 0.05% (2.60%), 0.10% (9.79%), 0.15% (20.74%), 0.20% (32.99%) and 0.25% (40.00%) as compared to control 0.0% KH2PO4.These decision agree with the studies of Baig et al (2002) Xu and Yun (2003) Xiao et al (2004), Athar et al., 2009 and Ahmad et al., 2010. At these concentrations of 0.05% MgSO4.7H2O, 0.075% CaCl2.2H2O, and 0.25%KH2PO4 maximum SCP was produced.It has been reported that mineral ions play a pivotal role in fungal growth and in their secondary metabolite formations. Chardonnet et al.(1999) found that external Ca2+ can play an indirect role in fungal growth by altering internal Ca2+, which controls the cytoplasmic Ca2+ gradient, and the activity of fungal enzymes involved in cell wall expansion. The direct effect of Ca2+ on the fungal cell wall may also be a significant factor in cell membrane permeability interactions. In contrast, Papagianni (2004) found th at increased concentrations of Ca2+ inhibit the synthesis of fungal biopolymers might be due to effect on enzymes such as b-glucan synthesis. For higher CaCl2.2H2O concentrations, the calcium ion content of the cell wall increased, resulting in reduced protein and neutral sugar contents. Mg2+ is also an essential metal ion to all fungi. It act as a cofactor in enzymatic reactions, stabilizes the plasma membrane, and its uptake is ATP dependent. Potassium ion is very important for the mandate of osmotic strength and intracellular pH while phosphorus plays an important role in all phases of cellular metabolism (Conn and strumpf,1976 Verchtert, 1990).PO4-3 (phosphate), in the form of K- salt, was added because K+ is required for the absorption of phosphate. On the other hand, when Na2HPO4 and (NH4)2HPO4 were added to bacterial, yeast and fungal cultures, poor growth rates and higher resting oxygen consumption were observed as compared to K fed microbes(Conway and Moore,1954). This cou ld be probably due to the death of fermenting microorganisms caused by reverse osmosis in the presence of higher concentrations of ions. A combination of Ca2+ Mg2+ and K+ ions gave facelift to enhanced mycelia growth of A. citrinus in SSF of rice bran.Effect of carbon nitrogen ratio on SCP production by fermentation with A. citrinusThe Carbon to Nitrogen (C/N) ratio is important in a biological process. Microorganisms require a proper nitrogen supplement for metabolism during fermentation. It is a major nutrient for fungal growth. gamey concentrations of nitrogen have increasing the fungal growth and biomass yield. It is necessary to maintain proper composition of the growth media for efficient fermentation process so that the CN ratio remains within desired range. Microorganisms generally utilize carbon 25-30 times faster than nitrogen during anaerobic digestion.The C N ratio of 121 produced maximum SCP production (29.91 0.02) by fermentation with A. citrinus (Table. 5).A signif icant variation (p 0.05) in the CP% production was observed. We found that there were decrease in the production of CP% when we supplied different CN ratios of 151 (14.91%), 171 (0.70%), 191 (8.72%), 211 (10.76%) and 231 (15.84%) as compared to C N of 121.The maximum level of TP% was observed at C N of 121 (29.94% 0.04). However, when we compared the effect of different ratios of CN on TP%, we found that there were decreased in TP% at 151 (40.40%), 171 (28.72%), 191 (36.13%), 211 (37.54%) and 231 (41.11%) as compared to C N of 121.The highest PG% was observed at C N of 121 (133.33% 0.22). When we compared the influence of different ratios of CN on PG%, we found that there were decreased in PG% at 151 (27.16%), 171 (1.29%), 191 (15.89%), 211 (19.63%) and 231 (28.86%) as compared to control C N of 121.in agreement with Kiani (1989), Gutierrez et al (2004) and Zheng et al (2005) Rajoka et al., 2004, Athar et al., 2009 Ali et al., 2010 . This could be due to the fact that when CN was 121, maximum production of biomass protein was produced. If the ratio was increased above this level, excess urea was produced which was responsible for the increase in pH and ultimately reduced the production of single cell protein.Replacement of one nitrogen source for another in the medium causes a change in protein synthesis as well as product formation. To explore the influence of nitrogen sources on production of crude protein and RNA, were compared to, urea, and corn steep liquor (which are cheap nitrogen sources) when added to rice polishings medium. The results (Table 1) show that these nitrogen compounds influenced the production of protein productivity and RNA content to varying degrees. Generally, the results confirmed that corn steep liquor, a low-cost by-product of the starch industry, supported the maximum kinetic parameters of crude protein compared to those of other nitrogen compounds. The organism produced lower SCP from sodium nitrate and ammonium nitrate and was attributed to low nitrate reductase activity in the organism.However, the maximum EPS production was achieved when yeast extract was employed as nitro-gen source An appropriate amount of C N ratio is the key to dismay maximum yield of SCP.19,20 Urea is a low cost fertilizer and supported maximum SCP production which was in agreement with previous studies.21,22Effect of supplementation with molasses (10% solution) on SCP production by fermentation with A. citrinusFermentation was carried out at different concentration of cane molasses (10% solution) to standardize the optimum level of molasses. High levels of SCP organize at 1ml of molasses (10% solution). Further addition of molasses results in decreased SCP production (table. 5). Significant variations (p 0.05) in the SCP production were observed at 0.0 ml (3.28%), 2 ml (2.78%), 3 ml (7.99%), 4 ml (19.34%), 5 ml (34.20%) and 6 ml (53.90%) as compared to the highest production of SCP at 1 ml of molasses (10% solution). However, wh en we compared supplementation of different levels of molasses (10% solution) for SCP production, we found that there were increased in production of SCP at 1 ml (3.39%) and 2 ml (0.59%) levels. However, further addition of molasses (10% solution) at 3 ml (4.87%), 4 ml (16.60%), 5 ml (31.97%) and 6 ml (52.33%) decreased the SCP production when we compared these levels with control 0.0 ml molasses (10% solution).A similar trend was observed in true protein% and protein gain%. The maximum level of true protein% was observed at 1 ml of 10% molasses (22.26% 0.15). The true protein% of different levels of 10% molasses were observed at 0.0 ml (3.68%), 2 ml (3.14%), 3 ml (8.04%), 4 ml (19.72%), 5 ml (34.54%) and 6 ml (54.08%) as compared to the highest production of SCP at 1 ml of molasses (10% solution). However, when we compared supplementation of different levels of molasses (10% solution) for SCP production, we found that there were increased in production of SCP at 1 ml (3.82%) and 2 ml (0.55%) levels. However, further addition of molasses (10% solution) at 3 ml (4.80%), 4 ml (16.65%), 5 ml (32.04%) and 6 ml (52.33%) decreased the SCP production when we compared these levels with control 0.0 ml molasses (10% solution).The highest protein gain% was observed at 1 ml of 10% molasses (147.32% 0.86). The PG% of different levels of 10% molasses were observed at 0.0 ml (5.73%), 2 ml (4.87%), 3 ml (13.94%), 4 ml (33.77%), 5 ml (59.66%) and 6 ml (94.01%) as compared to the highest production of SCP at 1 ml of molasses (10% solution). However, when we compared supplementation of different levels of molasses (10% solution) for SCP production, we found that there were increased in production of SCP at 1 ml (6.08%) and 2 ml (0.93%) levels. However, further addition of molasses (10% solution) at 3 ml (8.71%), 4 ml (29.74%), 5 ml (57.2%) and 6 ml (93.65%) decreased the SCP production when we compared these levels with control 0.0 ml molasses (10% solution).Flasks experiments using molasses and saccharose for enzyme production showed a pH increase during the fermentation. High pH affects the enzyme stability. Consumption of sucrose or glucose as carbon source is not cost-effective in the production of microbial biomass protein. Low cost substrates such as cane molasses can be used for the production of microbial biomass protein for animal feed supplements.23,24 In addition, molasses is widely available from the sugar industry and consist of water, sucrose (47-50%, w/w) which is the disaccharide most easily exploited by yeast cells. It also contain 0.5-1% nitrogen, proteins, vitamins, amino acids, organic acids and heavy metals.25 Therefore, it is a very attractive carbon source for SCP production economically. In this study, molasses were added to the fermentation medium to enhance the SCP production. Among different concentrations of molasses, 1 and 2 ml molasses gave higher SCP production by fermentation with Arachniotus sp. and C. utilis, respectivel y (Fig. 6 and Fig. 7). The results of our experiment were agreed with the previous studies.17, 26 The present results showed the potential of Arachniotus sp. and C. utilis to grow on cheap substrates like rice bran along with molasses for SCP production.Effect of Yeast SludgeSignificant variation (p 0.05) of SCP production was observed at different yeast sludge levels. Maximum production was observed at 0.6 ml (Table. 2). Beyond 0.6 ml, the production was significantly reduced. Yeast sludge above 0.6 ml also reduces the SCP production indicating the optimum level of yeast sludge for biomass production for A. citrinus was 0.6 ml. Significant variations (p 0.05) in the SCP production were observed at 0.0 ml (5.22%), 0.2 ml (3.55%), 0.4 ml (1.79%), 0.8 ml (8.09%), 1.0 ml (15.32%) and 1.2 ml (22.04%) as compared to the highest production of SCP at 0.6 ml of YS.Ho

I Have a Dream

I Have a DreamSpeech of Heart a personal response to I Have a Dream.America was built by the people who were searching for granting immunity and equality they met in a new land and started to build it as a land of granting immunity. Ironically, over 100 years after the Independence Day of America, freedom and equality were even so unattainable luxury for many people, especially people from different races than white. Non-white Americans had to suffer through racial in mediocreice and discrimi republic. One of the hugeest activists who fought against those inequalities was Martin Luther baron Jr. In his momentous speech, I have a dream, King called for racial equality and the end of discrimination. The speech consolidates my belief that people from different races have the business to be treated equally. It excessively reminds me how hard it was to gain freedom and justice, and encourages me to stand up and pull in dreams come true.With allusions invoked from widely respected sources as Bible, the United States solvent of Independence, the Emancipation Proclamation, and the United States Constitution, King described how disappointed his fellow blacks were when the government broke their promises by bounteous his fellow a bad check. The blacks suffered legion(predicate) inequalities they had to drink from the cup of the bitterness and hatred. The inequality was not even covered up there were buildings with For Whites Only signs including the voting places. But King in time believed in justice, believed in his dream we are free at last. He was not dreaming for African American only, he dreamed for a universe of discourse of equality, a humankind where people from different races are treated equally.The American government also contri buted to disappoint their black citizens by breaking their promises, which also disappoints me. After the declaration of the Emancipation Proclamation, the blacks expected that the Government would do what they promised providing the unalienable Rights of Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness. But then, the Government exposed their unreliability giving to their black brothers a bad check, they left their citizens lives on a lonely island of poverty. In my opinion, Government is the organization that supposed to archive what it promised but in this situation, they lured African Americans to join their army with the promise of freedom and wealthy then leave them with poverty after the war. I could barely hold my pettishness when I know that the American government had treated non-white Americans as they were not official Americans.I feel so depressed when I listen to the frontmost part of Kings speech about the unfairness that the blacks had to struggle with before they gained their civil rights. Five score years after the Emancipation Proclamation was signed, the African-Americans still were segregated. Although they were considered American citizens on paper, they were not treated as such. D espite the fact that there was no longer slavery, blacks were still treated as inferior they were not allowed to vote, they were not allowed to go to places specifically designated as For White Only, and they were even absurdly prohibited from sitting at the front rows on buses. I cannot accept the bearing that some Americans treated their black brothers and sisters back then, it was racism. It is so bad knowing that black people were treated as even lower than the lowest anatomy in American society.I am impressed and encouraged by Kings strong belief in justice and his disregard for his situation. King said we stand firm to believe that the bank of justice is bankrupt, we hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal. They did not just dream, they were ready to fight for what they believed, King described their willing by this say to work together, to pray together, to struggle together, to go to jail together, to stand up for freedom together, knowing tha t we will be free one day. Those quotes emphasize that despite all the unfairness that they had to suffer through, the bad treatments from their white brothers and the lies from their government, they still believed in justice and wanted to make justice a reality. I admire the blacks they kept their belief and fought for it no matter what obstacle they might encounter. The speech alarms me that believing and doing must go together in order to archive a goal.Another detail that makes me admire King is that he had led his fellows on a peaceful-war. He suggested that his pursuit should not use physical violence in their battle because he understood that he was fighting for peace and peace cannot be created by smart the others. And he also said we must rise to the majestic heights of meeting physical force with soul force. Although he was bursting to gain freedom and racial equality for his race, he tried his best to avoid any physical conflict.I am inspired by the dream of King, a wo rld of equality, brotherhood and freedom. In that world, everyone can be able to sit down together at the table of brotherhood no matter what color they are, no matter where they are from. People will erase all of the bad memory of slavery and injustice, they will not think about themselves as transcendent or inferior. In that world, people will be treated equally and not be judged by the color of their skin but by the limit of their character. There will be no barriers between religions and races black men and white men, Jews and Gentiles, Protestants and Catholics, will be able to join hands. The world in Kings dream inspires me with its beauty, there is no such thing more beautiful than an equal, happy and peaceful world.Through the speech, I was touched by the great revere of King for his nation. That love was first showed in his care for his fellow blacks, an indispensable part of America. Besides that, he had implied his patriotism through his speech this nation will rise u p, he wanted to transform our nation in to a beautiful symphony of brotherhood. He does not just love and care about his followers but also care about and love his white bothers Their freedom is inextricably bound to our freedom. It is a great love of a patriot for his country and its citizens. In my opinion, King was willing to fight for his country, which is what makes him unforgettable in hearts of Americans.The speech was delivered from the heart of a man who was willing to exchange anything he had for freedom and civil right for his country. His persistence has inspired me it makes me want to stand up for my dreams and my rights. It also makes me appreciate the freedom that I have because I know to create it many people had sacrificed even their lives. Kings works have been continued by many activists, he would love it if he could see that.

Perceptions of Mental Illness Essay -- Biology Essays Research Papers

Perceptions of Mental Illness Throughout this course, much of what we have discussed has depended strongly on an interpretation of scientific information. We have questioned, criticized, accepted, rejected, and formed our bear ideas about topics in neural and behavioral science. A book which I have read recently seems to fit in with this type of discussion. Blaming the Brain, by Eliot Valenstein, describes the study biological theories of psychological illness and the lack of evidence we have to fully support them. What Valenstein argues is that we have come to a point where we accept all affable illness as purely biological in origin, and have discarded older ideas about social and psychological effects, rather then attempting to see how these two different types of explanations fit together. While some may argue that this shift has helped to signifi sewertly de-stigmatize mental illness, it also has caused a neglect of important factors which must hornswoggle a role in these disorders. In 1999, in a report by the Surgeon General, it was stated that research into the biology of the brain is a steady antidote to stigma, but it was also emphasized that psychotherapy not be forgotten as it sometimes plays a large role in recovery. finding middle ground Although we do not know all there is to know about disorders of the nervous system, I believe that it is very plausible that mental illness is mostly the result of disturbances in the nervous system. Although in extreme situtions, some claim things like, it reduces a complex human activity to a disappearance of damaged brain tissue (4). I wouldnt go this far to assume that this is all there is to it, although I also dont believe that all mental illnesses can fit into the same box. While s... ... fallacies of no-fault addictionhttp//infotrac.galegroup.com/itweb/brynmawr_main?http_rc=400&class=session&sev=temp&type=session&cause=http%3A%2F%2Fweb7.infotrac.galegroup.com%2Fitw%2Finfomark%2F672%2F823%2F3624890 6w3%2Fpurl%3Drc1_EAIM_0_A53551866%26dyn%3D3xrn_5_0_A53551866%3Fsw_aep%3Dbrynmawr_main&cont=&msg=No+Session+cookies&sserv=no5)Schizophreniahttp//infotrac.galegroup.com/itweb/brynmawr_main?http_rc=400&class=session&sev=temp&type=session&cause=http%3A%2F%2Fweb7.infotrac.galegroup.com%2Fitw%2Finfomark%2F672%2F823%2F36248906w3%2Fpurl%3Drc1_EAIM_0_A53551866%26dyn%3D3xrn_5_0_A53551866%3Fsw_aep%3Dbrynmawr_main&cont=&msg=No+Session+cookies&sserv=no6) Scientists Call for End to Neurology-Psychiatry Divide http//mentalhealth.about.com/?once= unbent&rnk=r7&terms=neuroscienceValenstein, Eliot. (1998). Blaming the Brain. New York The Free Press

A Freudian Analysis of Ode to the Death of a Favorite Cat (Favourite) :: Ode to the Death of a Favorite Cat Essays

A Freudian Analysis of Ode to the Death of a Favorite Cat (Favourite)   Ode to the Death of a Favorite Cat can be a rime that represents a sexist view of women while identifying the three psychological entities the id, ego, and superego. The cat in the poem represents the human female. Throughout the poem it is referred to as a she, and identified with similar, sexist traits that women have. These traits are laziness, the need for shiny, pretty objects, and an unquenchable zest for framework goods. Just as the cat is drawn by the funds fish so is a womans attention drawn to this glimmering metal. Just as line 24 says What female heart can gold despise. The cats desire for the glistening fish ultimately ends in its death. This is similar to what will happen to a woman if left to her desires unchecked. This cat has nothing in its life to counteract it from its folly. A woman needs a man to set her on the right path. If left to her own devices it will mean her end, or so thats what the poem implies of women. I the end a universal moral is introduced that can be applied to the human world, Not entirely that tempts your wandring eyes, and heedless hearts is lawful prize, nor all that glisters gold. (lines 40-42) This then leads into a perfect comparison of women and men as two psychological entities, the id and superego. Since the cat in the poem is so consumed by its desire that it impulsively acts on its greed and is a representation of the human female then obviously women can be considered representations of the Id. They impulsively act on their desires and ultimately, like the cat, are consumed by these desires if left unchecked. This is where man comes in. Men must be there and act as the superego holding back a womans natural desire for material gain. Since both represent a different entity respectively then obviously the union of man and woman must be the ego. A balance in the midst of the two. A womans desire for material gains and a mans natural inclination for law and order. This then does bring in the idea that certain human traits can be identified not only as manlike and womanlike but also things that are naturally inclined towards the superego and the id.