The Negative Effects of Cyberbullying Essay -- Internet, cyber bullyin

We use technology in almost every aspect of our daily lives it is how we stay connected in this fast-paced world. Technology provides many benefits, but it has the potential to destroy many people. With technology use on the rise, bullying has taken a new, more destructive form. Cyberbullying, as defined by the Cyberbullying Research Center, is the willful and repeated harm inflicted through the medium of electronic text (qtd. in Chait). Cyberbullying is a near problem and has serious consequences. There ar many contributing factors to cyberbullying. Children and young adults have almost infinite access to social networking sites, chat forums, and cell phones. It is disfranchised to find a middle school age child without access to the internet in some way. The internet is a huge part of the feel of an adolescent (What Is Cyberbullying). Schools typically assign work that requires the use of the internet. It is how we research for projects, papers, and now we can access most of our textbooks online as well. With access to a portal of development about people, websites that allow people to publish their own thoughts, and a fine line of censorship and monitoring, it is as if America is laying the foundation for this to occur. The tools for this crime are lying around and are being abused by people. This leads to many victims having to undergo the harsh effects of cyberbullying. Bullying has always been a problem in its nature but bullying in cyberspace is a whole different story. Images and hurtful messages can be sent or posted at anytime anonymously or on a website where anyone can access the information (Cyberbullying). This increases the chance that the information will be seen by multiple individuals thus embarrassin... ... boys vs. girls. each week Reader News Edition 4-6 a Weekly Reader publication 2 Sept. 2013 8. Student Edition. Web. 16 Feb. 2015.Cyberbullying Research Center. Cyberbullying and Suicide. Cyberbullying Research Center, 201 3. Cyberbullying Research Center. Web. 16 Feb. 2015.Drummond, Katie. Cyberbullying Linked to Teen wellness Problems. AOL News. AOL, 05 July 2014. Web. 16 Feb. 2015. Parker-Pope, Tara. Web of Popularity, Achieved by Bullying NYTimes.com. The New York Times Company, 14 Feb. 2014. Web. 11 Feb. 2015.Patchin, Justin W., and Sameer Hinduja. Research. Cyberbullying Research Center - Cyber Bullying Examples, Cases, Laws, Articles, Stories, Presentations, Videos, Facts, Statistics. Cyberbullying Research Center. Web. 14 Feb. 2015. What Is Cyberbullying? National umbrage Prevention Council. US Department of Justice. Web. 16 Feb. 2015.

Nelson Mandelas Long Walk To Freedom Essay -- Nelson Mandela Long Wal

Nelson Mandela in his book, Long Walk to Freedom argues through the first five parts that a black single(a) must deal, coop, and grow through a society that is hindering their lives with apartheid and suppression of their rightful land. Rolihlanla Mphakanyiswa or clan name, Madiba was born on July 18, 1918 in a candid village of Mvezo, which was non accustomed to the happenings of South Africa as a whole. His father was an respected man who led a good life, still lost it because of a dispute with the magistrate. While, his m opposite was a hard-working woman full of daily choirs. His childhood was full of playing games with fellow children and having fun. In school, Mandela was given his English name of Nelson. subsequently his fathers death, he moved to love with a regent, who was a well-off individual and owed Nelsons father for a previous favor. The next several years were full of information for Nelson. These schools opened Nelsons eyes to many things, which we will discuss later. He and the regents son, Justice decided to travel to Johannesburg and see what work they could find. They left on their journey without the regents permission, merely eventually escaped his power and settled down in the town. In Johannesburg, Nelson settled down in a law firm as an help and went to University of South Africa and Witwatersrand University to upgrade his law education. Witswatersrand University brought many new ideas to Nelson and awakened a spirit inside of him. The next several years, Nelson met many new political friends and began his matter in the ANC. Also during this time, he met Evelyn and they became married. Gradually Nelsons political involvement grew and his family life declined. Nelson and his good friend, Oliver Tambo opened a law firm, which took up most of Nelsons time. Evelyn mothered two of Nelsons children, but the gradually grew apart. Now, Nelson was an influential political individual and bans and jailing began to follow him around. One day, a young woman came into his life by the name of Winnie and they got married. Winnie gave birth to two more than of Nelsons children. As time passed, Nelsons spirit for freedom grew more and more each day. Though his life was full of bannings and jailings, he never gave up his fight, but he knew that the south African government was becoming agitated with him and the ANC. The South African government became ... ...eid of white supremacy in South Africa. Throughout the book, I eat seen Nelsons open-mindedness. Nelson always listened to communist ideas and Indian goals, eventhough he did not agree with them. Nelson faced many hardships through his struggle and this had to cause some resentment against his oppressors. But if anyone would not be bias in his writing, I would say it would be Nelson Mandela. He has showed in his book that he is great individual and that he will not let his past feeling cloud his writing. You can see his feelings in his book and that is what makes i t so good, but I believe he does not get across anything from us on both sides of the stories.In conclusion, Mandelas autobiography is a brilliant book written by an incredible individual. I wish I could of realise the whole book for this essay, but that was not possible. It is hard to write an essay on the first 5 parts when I know some things that happened further in the book. I did not know if I should include that information in the essay, but I did not involve it. This book helped to show the other side of the story. We always hear the victors story and in this class we got to hear the other side of the story.

Community Service :: essays research papers

When people hear how many hours of community service I lay down done, they ask, "Do you get paid?" When I say no, they enquire why I do it. I tell them its because I interchangeable to table service people.      Many think that community service is just something you are forced to do for school. To me, community service is a way of giving back. I like making people sense as though they matter, and it gives me a prompt feeling at the end of the day because I feel I have made a difference. I grow as a mortal each time I do community service.     Some people do community service because they have to, but I do it because I want to. I have volunteered over 300 hours of community service at a local elementary. I jockstraped children complete their homework assignments and spend timber time with them while their parents work late. I read to the children and played with them when their parents do non have the time.   &nb sp For the past three years, I have assisted the crowing volunteers at the After School Care program at Parkview Elementary. My main executive program was Mrs. King. This program is one in which, parents can leave their children supervised by adults while they work late. I was assigned a group of 10 children, among the ages of 5-11. I volunteered two hours every weekday, tutoring and mentoring my group.     The first week was a puny awkward. I did not know any of the kids or what to chat to them about. Mrs. King asked me to help them tie their shoes. So, one by one, they came into the hallway and I helped them with their shoes. This gave me the opportunity to talk to them just one-on-one and experience what they were like. It was great They were very friendly and talkative.     Since I began in November 2000, I have been going every weekday until my mission was accomplished in December 2001. I have worked with them on completing thei r homework, reading books, and many polar things. It has been a great experience for me. Every time I see my students, they always say hi and I receive many hugs. They make me feel extremely important just being with them. I am a significant role model and a great influence for these growing children.     I love helping out students and teachers. I wish everyone had the chance to do a project like this and see how much fun it is.Community serve well essays research papers When people hear how many hours of community service I have done, they ask, "Do you get paid?" When I say no, they wonder why I do it. I tell them its because I like to help people.      Many think that community service is just something you are forced to do for school. To me, community service is a way of giving back. I like making people feel as though they matter, and it gives me a warm feeling at the end of the day because I feel I have made a difference. I grow as a person each time I do community service.     Some people do community service because they have to, but I do it because I want to. I have volunteered over 300 hours of community service at a local elementary. I helped children complete their homework assignments and spend quality time with them while their parents work late. I read to the children and played with them when their parents do not have the time.     For the past three years, I have assisted the adult volunteers at the After School Care program at Parkview Elementary. My main supervisor was Mrs. King. This program is one in which, parents can leave their children supervised by adults while they work late. I was assigned a group of 10 children, between the ages of 5-11. I volunteered two hours every weekday, tutoring and mentoring my group.     The first week was a little awkward. I did not know any of the kids or what to talk to them about. Mrs. King a sked me to help them tie their shoes. So, one by one, they came into the hallway and I helped them with their shoes. This gave me the opportunity to talk to them just one-on-one and see what they were like. It was great They were very friendly and talkative.     Since I began in November 2000, I have been going every weekday until my mission was accomplished in December 2001. I have worked with them on completing their homework, reading books, and many different things. It has been a great experience for me. Every time I see my students, they always say hi and I receive many hugs. They make me feel extremely important just being with them. I am a significant role model and a great influence for these growing children.     I love helping out students and teachers. I wish everyone had the chance to do a project like this and see how much fun it is.

Essay --

There is an epizootic that is sweeping society that is visible and difficult non to notice Obesity. Obesity can be called legion(predicate) things by many people. Some people in our society refer to fleshiness as an epidemic or a disease or a fat somebodys problem. Obesity can be labeled many things by many people except there is a general consensus that obesity is a national problem. A person who is obese can be singled out by an employer to pay higher wellness insurance premiums solely because he or she is obese. The implication that an obese person is put into a separate category from a non-obese person can strengthen the stigma that obesity has on the society. Obesity in society impacts every(prenominal)one from increased healthcargon personifys, a persons general physical and mental health and the stigma that being obese carries. Societys problem with obesity is not solely for the children and adults who are overweight, but for every person to help find workable solut ions to stop the overall health epidemic that obesity causes.The cost of being obese affects not only the person who is obese but also health care providers, employers and insurance companies. There is a financial strain that is felt throughout society because of the increase of health care costs, health insurance premiums and earning potentials of obese workers that affect the society now and in the future. A person who is obese will incur almost $40,000 in additional lifetime health care costs than a person who is not obese (Davlglus, 2005, p. 98). The numbers associated with the cost of obesity are staggering. Individuals who are obese will spend about $1,500 more in health care and $600 more in prescription drugs than a person who is not obese (Guarino, 2013). The cost of obesity not only aff... ...ividual person and to the society have far reaching effects on the economy as a whole and the obese individual. The physical and mental health of an obese person is not only a concer n for the individual but to society. When a group of people are inflicted with diseases directly related to obesity it is time for society to step up and demand a change in how we treat obesity related illnesses and not make obese individuals ashamed to seek medical treatment. The views society has on an obese person does not help foster positive and encouraging feelings but encourages social stigma against the obese. The cycle of health care and health and views on the obese all work together in this epidemic. One part of the obesity problem cannot be solved or addressed without it effecting another area and the problem of our society and nation to work together to find a solution.

Comparing the Film Black Orpheus and the Original Greek Myth Essay

Comparing the Film Black Orpheus and the Original Greek MythThe account of Orpheus and Eurydice is one that has been retold countless quantify over the years. It started as a Greek myth, later being made into a movie titled Black Orpheus. After reading the myth and observation the movie, it is easy to see that there are far more differences in the two works than similarities. These differences are not only in the way the story is told, tho also in the organization of the events that take place and in the description of the characters. The main(prenominal) differences in these two versions of the myth are the role of the characters, the main plot scheme, and the journey into the underworld.The characters in the movie, Black Orpheus, are significantly altered from the Greek myth. In the myth, Orpheus and Eurydice are together from the beginning and are completely in love. Everyone is happy for their love and the only thing that stands in their way is death. In the movie, however, t his is notably changed. Orpheus begins as a streetcar conductor that was engaged to Mira, giving the nous that Orpheus was in love with another woman. We quickly see that this is not the case as Orpheus is always very curt and rude with his fiance. They are slated to get married, but there is an eerie feeling in the air that something is about to go wrong.The main difference with these characters is that in the movie, Orpheus cheats on his fiance. We soon see that Eurydice is the wildcard when it comes to Orpheus. It does not progeny whether or not he is with another woman, she will do what it takes to win Orpheuss love. This is where one of the main differences occurs. Contrary to the myth, Orpheus cheats on his fiance and gives his love and centre to Eurydic... ... Orpheus thinks that a trick is being played on him and turns around, causing Eurydice to be lost forever. This leads the viewer to believe that Orpheus was not really in the underworld and that this was respectable a fake journey into a nonexistent underworld. It seems quite odd that anyone can walk down a spiral staircase and be located at the gates of Hades. This is the main reason the journey into the underworld appears to be a false one.Overall, the two versions of the story convey the same message, but in very different ways. From the differences in the characters to the plot variances, we can see that the similar messages can be portrayed in a variety of ways. The story of Orpheus and Eurydice is an antediluvian patriarch one that will forever be retold and altered. A prime example of this was shown in the differences between the original myth and that movie of Black Orpheus.

Comparing the Film Black Orpheus and the Original Greek Myth Essay

Comparing the Film Black Orpheus and the Original Greek MythThe report of Orpheus and Eurydice is one that has been retold countless times over the years. It started as a Greek romance, later being made into a photograph titled Black Orpheus. by and by reading the myth and watching the movie, it is easy to see that there are far more differences in the two works than similarities. These differences are not merely in the way the story is told, but also in the organization of the events that take place and in the description of the characters. The main differences in these two versions of the myth are the role of the characters, the main plot scheme, and the journey into the underworld.The characters in the movie, Black Orpheus, are significantly altered from the Greek myth. In the myth, Orpheus and Eurydice are together from the etymon and are completely in love. Everyone is happy for their love and the only thing that stands in their way is death. In the movie, however, this is notably changed. Orpheus begins as a streetcar managing director that was engaged to Mira, giving the idea that Orpheus was in love with another woman. We quickly see that this is not the case as Orpheus is always very curt and bad-mannered with his fiance. They are slated to get married, but there is an eerie feeling in the air that something is about to go wrong.The main difference with these characters is that in the movie, Orpheus cheats on his fiance. We in short see that Eurydice is the wildcard when it comes to Orpheus. It does not matter whether or not he is with another woman, she will do what it takes to win Orpheuss love. This is where one of the main differences occurs. Contrary to the myth, Orpheus cheats on his fiance and gives his love and affection to Eurydic... ... Orpheus thinks that a trick is being played on him and turns around, causing Eurydice to be lost forever. This leads the viewer to believe that Orpheus was not actually in the underworld and that thi s was just a fake journey into a nonexistent underworld. It seems quite odd that anyone can walk down a genus Helix staircase and be placed at the gates of Hades. This is the main reason the journey into the underworld appears to be a false one.Overall, the two versions of the story air the same message, but in very different ways. From the differences in the characters to the plot variances, we can see that the similar messages can be portrayed in a variety of ways. The story of Orpheus and Eurydice is an ancient one that will forever be retold and altered. A prime example of this was shown in the differences between the original myth and that movie of Black Orpheus.

To what extent does Soyinka present Jeroboam and his gullible congregation firstly as victims of social forces

To what extent does Soyinka subject Jeroboam and his gullible congregation firstly as victims of social forces and secondly, as victims of their own greed and self-centeredness in The Trials of Brother Jero? Hu patch life cannot be represented in a fully or truthful manner with by taking account of the pressures brought to fag upon the individual by his milieu, by the particularity of social situation and historical circumstance John Cruickshank (1969)I begin chosen the quote above as a starting point for my es recount because I believe that Africa as a continent has seen such extremes of political and social upheaval that to overlook the wideness of history, and its affects down the evolutionary scale on the wad of Africa, in African literature and particularly in Soyinkas The Trials of Brother Jero would be very wrong.But how outlying(prenominal) can you make allowances for greed, selfishness and opportunism (which almost every graphic symbol in the play attributes to) unde r the assumption that they are just products of the greed, selfishness and opportunism inflicted on the battalion when colonisation reared its ugly head? by the alike token I feel that it is easy for an audience or reader of a play to ramble characters good or bad points purely down to their character. When a play write presents you with characters that are so easy to interpret then you have to gather up yourself, why?Jero is a prophet, by birth and inclination and this is therefore the first thing we learn about him. The government agency Soyinka presents him to us is initially set out in the stage directions where Jero is described as suave. Jeros opening line I am a prophet, I feel, come ons the audience to think that perchance a real prophet would be more modest. Jeros direct speech to the audience employs a traditional African style of address that forces an audience to actively analyse Jeros speeches.That said Soyinka does not make it difficult for us to see that Jero is far from being a religious man as he informs us of his betrayal of his previous master for his own personal come upon. So why would Soyinka use such a style of address if he did not command to us to analyse something more in the apparent openness of his characters speech? I feel that Soyinka has used this literary tool in order to encourage an audience not to see the truth in the characters (as this is very easy to see) but to think about why they have come to be the way they are.G. N. Ofor (1991) in his es recite authorize The Urban Novel A Historical Experience tells us about social realities of the time prior to colonisation African villagers were noted for their homogeneity and were guided by traditional beliefs and values. Members of the community were very closely bound together and the primacy of the community over the individual was emphasised I think it is very important that G. N.Ofor chooses to specify that this state was what Africa was like before colonisation as this suggests that things have changed because of colonisation. Certainly in The Trials of Brother Jero the the great unwashed are guided by traditional beliefs with the characters attending church regularly and Jero being something of an advisor (certainly to Chume eachway) but Jero himself is not guided by the hope of enlightenment or saviour after death, nor is he compelled to help people for the sake of being a kind and generous person.Everything he does, in some way, contributes to his own personal gain, gain of money or respect or personal favours. In the quotation beneath which is an excerpt from the play Jero finds out that Chumes wife is in occurrence also his creditor who he has been trying to avoid, and so allows him finally to beat her despite forbidding him not to up until this point. Jero says he wants to beat his wife, but I wont allow him. If I do, he impart become contented, and then thats another of my flock gone for ever. Jero Ah. That is the only way. But er I wonder really what the bequeath of god would be in this matter. After all, Christ himself was not averse to using the whip when occasion demanded it. Chume (eagerly. ) No. He did not hesitate. Jero In that case, since, crony Chume, your wife seems such a wicked, wilful sinner, I think Chume Yes, Holy One? Jero You must take her home tonight Chume Yes Jero And beat her.You could easily pause from this that Jero is presented as a victim of his own opportunism or that Jero is an opportunist, I suppose that to consider a character as a victim of anything suggests that we cannot or do not blame them for it that, from a humanitarian point of view we can empathise with Jeros course of action. But Soyinka does not present to us any signal that Jero has suffered any sort of moral dilemma as he recurrently exploits his congregation. So we need to consider the social forces that might shape the attitudes of the characters in The Trials of Brother Jero The ideological view points detailed in the quotation by G.N. Ofer. Do not apply to the character Jero so Maybe Soyinka chooses not to present Jero in this idyllic image as a remark against such opinions saying that he does not agree that Colonisation is a reason that people in Africa have become more of a capitalist nation like in European society and is making the point that the image of Africans as a tight knit, un-selfish communism never completely existed. In the same essay I quoted from earlier and on the subject of the effects of colonisation, G. N. Ofer goes on to say that Factors like taxation, a common portable currency, the desire for European goods, the need and the opportunity to make profits contributed immensely to the historic shift from a subsistence rescue to a monetary economy. This loosened the co-operative ties binding the individual to his clan and lineage phalluss. If you read the above quote with reference to Soyinkas character Jero you could certainly see how, perhaps, Soyinkas character Je roboam is presented as a victim of this new found ethic, catalysed by the influence of Africas capitalist colonisers.In fact in Soyinkas own words, from an essay entitled from a common backcloth A reassessment of the African literary Image he writes of the European observer that He still fights a rearguard today. It has liberal subtler. Accommodation is his new weapon, not dictation Soyinka (1988) Accommodation of the African continent or of the minds of the African masses perchance? Chume is another of Soyinkas main characters in the play, an un-educated, naive, gullible, hen-pecked man who relies completely on the help he gets from Jero. Looking at the play it is easy perceive that Soyinka has presented Chume as a victim.In the excerpt I have quoted below we can see how Chume goes to see brother Jero, desperate to find help for the mental torture he suffers by his nagging wife, Amope Chume My life is hell Jero forgive him, father, forgive him. Chume This fair sex will kill me J ero Forgive him, father, forgive him. Chume Only this morning I Jero Forgive him, father, forgive him. Chume All the way on my cycles/second Jero Forgive Chume And not a word of thanks Jero Out Ashtoreth. Out Baal Chume All she gave me was abuse, abuse, abuseAll Chume wants is for Jero to allow him to beat her, just once, but Jero keeps him abatement on saying it is not the will of god. All Chume wants out of life is to have a peaceful relationship with his wife and to gain a better(p) job. Chume is actually under a great deal of pressure to conform to the expectations of his wife and his peer. Amope says A chief messenger in the local Government smudge do you call that prune? Your old schools friends are now ministers, riding in long cars while Jero mocks Chume for his animal jabber he goes on to say that he is too crude, but then that is to my advantage.It means he would never set himself up as my equal. you could argue that any characters desire for monetary gain or a mate rialistic attitude to life could be seen as a direct effect of the colonisation of Africa. As I have translaten in earlier quotations and as I have read so far, it would seem that many of the people who write about the state of the African infrastructure have the opinion that colonisation has been a destructive factor because it compel the materialistic, dog eat dog attitude of Europe. Many writers believe that the effect of Europe has caused a neediness of solidarity between the African masses.It would seem, also that there have been many literary works which satirise this idea, Claude Wauthier (1978) in The literature and thought of modern Africa writes The looking at is just as sarcastic about Europe in the long free-verse poem by the Ugandan Okot pBitek, song of Lawino, the bitter-sweet lament of a black woman who is reproached by her husband for being illiterate and not knowing European social manners My husband pours scorn On black people He behaves like a hen That eats it s own eggs. Bearing this in mind it seems as though Soyinka has presented Chume as a victim of the social forces imposed by those around him.He fits perfectly into Eustace Palmers view (quoted by G. N. Ofor in The essay The urban novel a Historical Experience) of The rural innocent who is insensible of the qualities needed to survive in the hot-house that is the city and who is quite often inadequately equipped, as far as education is concerned, to qualify for the lucrative jobs the city offers. Palmer (1979) It is arouse to include that G. N. Ofor remarks on the above quote with However it is pertinent to note that without the creation of towns/cities by the colonial administration, there would have been no urban novel. As for Chumes own greed and opportunism, I think it would be difficult for anyone to argue that a person could be said to be greedy for wanting to exist harmoniously with their wife/husband or to want equality. All we know of the rest of brother Jeros congregati on is the few people he mentions that he has confident(p) will become prime ministers of certain states, there is a woman who badly wants children and Jero tell us that the most popular of his prophesies is to tell people they will live until they are 80.As Jero says if it doesnt come original, that man doesnt find out until hes on the other side. The last character we meet in the play is member, who competently becomes a member of Brother Jeros congregation by the end of the play. Jero, at first, attempts to speak to him by pretending he has prophesised the meeting between them. Shockingly the member turns away saying Go and practise your fraudulences on another person of greater gullibility and so for a second it seems as though there may be at least one character that will not fall for the charms of Brother Jeroboam this is not the case. All it takes is for Jero to say what he wants to hear and he is hooked.Jero tempts him by saying And at a desk, in a large gilt room, great m en of the land awaited your decision. Emissaries of inappropriate nations hung on your word. And on the door leading into your office I read the words, minister for war Asking god or brother Jero to help people become ministers or heads of state or merely to have a better job or more money seems to go against the true usages of religion, Which I had understood to be performing the will of God (of whichever denomination) and keeping unity between all the people within the culture.It seems to me that Soyinka may be trying to show that while every member of Jeros congregation is manipulated by him they themselves are not completely innocent in their reasons for their faith. Mineke Schipper (1982) in Oral Literature and Total house says In traditional society the religious system determines the cultural unity of the people. Life forces bind man to his past, his present and his future and determine his relationships with gods, spirits, nature and inseparable phenomena. The unity tend s to break down where western influence increases. It is interesting that the subject of western influence is again considered to be the destructive factor in the lack of unity between the African people. The quotation above suggests that western influences have even meant a breaking down of the unity that religion brings. After having looked at The Trials of Brother Jero, and having discussed the idea of victimisation I can only conclude that human beings, from whatever culture or walk of life, all desire the same basic things money and material possessions, respect, power and equality (though not necessarily in that order).The idea that has cropped up so often in my essay, that the social forces which work upon the individual and the nation as a whole are a direct effect of colonisation, is probably the most interesting point of all. You can indeed find reasoning within the text to assume that Soyinka may have intended for this theme to become apparent, whether or not you regard any of the characters as victims or even if you regard them as victims and perpetrators together at the same time.Below I have included a quotation from S. E. Ogude in his essay African Literature and the Burden of History Some Reflections in which he talks about another African playwright, Chinua Achebe (1975) Saying He also reveals the weaknesses of the traditional society and the ease with which European capitalism and religion supported by gun powder and cannon balls successfully challenged the dominance of traditional culture. If this is indeed true then it is a terrible, terrible shame.

Orhan Pamuk, The Art of Fiction Essay

Orhan Pamuk was born in 1952 in Istanbul, where he continues to live. His family had made a fortune in railroad social system during the early days of the Turkish Republic and Pamuk attended Robert College, where the tiddlerren of the citys privileged elect received a secular, horse opera-style education. Early in life he developed a passion for the visual arts, but after enrolling in college to study architecture he decided he wanted to relieve. He is instantaneously Turkeys most widely read author. His first novel, CevdetBey and His Sons, was create in 1982 and was followed by The Silent House (1983), The White Castle (1985/1991 in side of meat translation), The Black Book(1990/1994), and The New Life (1994/1997). In 2003 Pamuk received the International IMPAC Dublin Literary Award for My Name Is Red (1998/2001), a murder mystery enclothe in sixteenth-century Istanbul and narrated by multiple voices.The novel explores themes central to his fiction the intricacies of identi ty in a country that str loanles East and West, sibling rivalry, the existence of doubles, the value of mantrap and originality, and the anxiety of cultural influence. S direct (2002/2004), which focuses on religious and policy-making radicalism, was the first of his novels to confront political extremism in contemporary Turkey and it confirmed his standing overseas even as it divided opinion at home. Pamuks most recent book is Istanbul Memories and the City (2003/2005), a double portrait of himselfin childishness and youthand of the repose he comes from. This interview with OrhanPamuk was conducted in two sustained sessions in London and by correspondence. The first conversation occurred in May of 2004 at the time of the British publication of Snow. A special room had been booked for the meetinga fluorescentlit, noisily air-conditi sensationd corporate space in the hotel basement.Pamuk arrived, wearable a black corduroy jacket over a light-blue shirt and dark slacks, and obs erved, We could die here and nobody would ever find us. We go to a plush, quiet corner of the hotel lobby where we spoke for terce hours, pausing only for coffee and a chicken sandwich. In April of 2005 Pamuk returned to London for the publication of Istanbul and we settled into the identical corner of the hotel lobby to speak for two hours. At first he seemed quite strained, and with reason. Two months earlier, in an interview with the Swiss theme Der Tages-Anzeiger, he had verbalize of Turkey, thirty thousand Kurds and a million Armenians were butchered in these lands and nobody but me d ares to talk nearly it. This remark set off a relentless tally against Pamuk in the Turkish nationalist jam.After all, the Turkish governing persists in denying the 1915 genocidal slaughter of Armenians in Turkey and has imposed laws severely restricting wrangleion of the ongoing Kurdish conflict. Pamuk declined to discuss the controversy for the public record in the hope that it would soon fade. In August, however, Pamuks remarks in the Swiss paper resulted in his being charged under(a) Article 301/1 of the Turkish Penal Code with public denigration of Turkish identitya crime punishable by up to three years in prison.Despite outraged international press coverage of his case, as tumefy as vigorous protest to the Turkish government by members of the European Parliament and by International PEN, when this magazine went to press in midNovember Pamuk was still slated to stand trial on December 16, 2005. INTERVIEWER How do you feel almost giving interviews? ORHAN PAMUK I just close totimes feel nervous because I puddle stupid answers to certain pointless questions. It happens in Turkish as much as in English. I speak bad Turkish and utter stupid clips. IOrhanPamuk, Interviewed by ngelGurra-Quintana carry been attacked in Turkey much for my interviews than for my books. Political polemicists and columnists do non read novels on that point. INTERVIEWER Youve g enerally received a positive response to your books in Europe and the United States. What is your critical reception in Turkey? PAMUK The good years are over now. When I was publishing my first books, the previous generation of authors was fading away, so I was welcomed because I was a new author. INTERVIEWER When you say the previous generation, whom do you brace in pass? PAMUK The authors who felt a social responsibility, authors who felt that literature serves morality and politics. They were flat realists, not experimental. Like authors in so many poor countries, they wasted their talent on exhausting to serve their nation. I did not want to be the ex potpourriables of them, because even in my youth I had enjoyed Faulkner, Virginia Woolf, ProustI had never aspired to the social-realist model of Steinbeck and Gorky.The literature produced in the sixties and heptadties was comely outmoded, so I was welcomed as an author of the new generation. After the mid-nineties, when my books began to sell in amounts that no maven in Turkey had ever dreamed of, my h bingleymoon years with the Turkish press and in rangeectuals were over. From then on, critical reception was mostly a reaction to the publicity and sales, rather than the content of my books. Now, unfortunately, I am notorious for my political commentsmost of which are picked up from international interviews and shamelessly manipulated by some Turkish nationalist journalists to make me look more than radical and politically foolish than I rightfully am. INTERVIEWER So there is a hostile reaction to your popularity? PAMUK My operose opinion is that its a sort of punishment for my sales figures and political comments. only when I dont want to continue saying this, because I sound defensive. I whitethorn be misrepresenting the whole picture.INTERVIEWER Where do you write? PAMUK I take evermore thought that the place where you sleep or the place you share with your partner should be separate from the place where you write. The domestic rituals and details somehow kill the imagination. They kill the demon in me. The domestic, tame daily routine makes the longing for the new(prenominal) world, which the imagination needs to operate, fade away. So for years I constantly had an office or a little place outside the house to work in. I always had different flats.But once I exhausted half(prenominal) a semester in the U.S. while my ex- wife was taking her Ph.D. at Columbia University. We were living in an apartment for married students and didnt welcome any space, so I had to sleep and write in the same place. Reminders of family life were all somewhat. This upset me. In the mornings I used to say goodbye to my wife like someone going to work. Id leave the house, flip around a few blocks, and come back like a person arriving at the office. Ten years ago I frame a flat overlooking the Bosphorus with a view of the old city. It has, perhaps, one of the best views of Istanbul. It is a twenty-five-minute walk from where I live. It is full of books and my desk looks out onto the view. Ein truth day I spend, on average, some ten hours there.OrhanPamuk, Interviewed by ngelGurra-QuintanaINTERVIEWER Ten hours a day? PAMUK Yes, Im a hard worker. I enjoy it. People say Im ambitious, and maybe theres truth in that too. But Im in love with what I do. I enjoy sitting at my desk like a child playing with his toys. Its work, essentially, but its fun and games also. INTERVIEWER Orhan, your namesake and the narrator of Snow, describes himself as a clerk who sits down at the same time every day. Do you have the same discipline for make-up? PAMUK I was underlining the clerical nature of the novelist as opposed to that of the poet, who has an immensely prestigious tradition in Turkey. To be a poet is a popular and respected thing. roughly of the pouf sultans and statesmen were poets. But not in the way we understand poets now. For hundreds of years it was a way of set upi ng yourself as an intellectual. Most of these people used to collect their poems in manuscripts called divans. In fact, whiff court poetry is called divan poetry. Half of the Ottoman statesmen produced divans. It was a sophisticated and educated way of physical composition things, with many rules and rituals.Very conventional and very repetitive.After Western thinkings came to Turkey, this legacy was combined with the romanticistic and modern idea of the poet as a person who burns for truth. It added extra weight to the prestige of the poet. On the an new(prenominal)(prenominal) hand, a novelist is essentially a person who covers duration through his patience, slowly, like an ant. A novelist impresses us not by his demonic and romantic vision, but by his patience. INTERVIEWER Have you ever written poetry? PAMUK I am often commanded that. I did when I was eighteen and I make some poems in Turkey, but then I quit. My explanation is that I realized that a poet is someone throu gh whom God is speaking. You have to be possessed by poetry. I tried my hand at poetry, but I realized after some time that God was not speaking to me.I was good-for-nothing about this and then I tried to imagineif God were speaking through me, what would he be saying? I began to write very meticulously, slowly, trying to figure this out. That is prose create verbally, fiction writing. So I worked like a clerk. Some other writers consider this expression to be a bit of an insult. But I accept it I work like a clerk. INTERVIEWER Would you say that writing prose has become easier for you over time? PAMUK Unfortunately not. Sometimes I feel my reference should enter a room and I still dont know how to make him enter. I may have more self-confidence, which sometimes atomic number 50 be un sustainful because then youre not experimenting, you just write what comes to the tip of your pen. Ive been writing fiction for the last thirty years, so I should think that Ive improved a bit.And yet I still sometimes come to a dead end where I thought there never would be one. A character cannot enter a room, and I dont know what to do. Still After thirty years. The division of a book into chapters is very important for my way of thinking. When writing a novel, if I know the whole story line in advanceand most of the time I doI divide it into chapters and think up the details of what Id like to happen in each. I dont necessarily start with the first chapter and write all the others in order. When Im blocked, which is not a grave thing for me, I continue with any(prenominal) takes my fancy. I may write from the first to the fifth chapter, then if Im not enjoying it I skip to number fifteen and continue from there. INTERVIEWER 3OrhanPamuk, Interviewed by ngelGurra-QuintanaDo you mean that you map out the entire book in advance? PAMUK Everything. My Name Is Red, for instance, has many characters, and to each character I delegate a certain number of chapters. When I was writing , sometimes I wanted to continue being one of the characters. So when I finished writing one of Shekures chapters, perhaps chapter seven, I skipped to chapter eleven, which is her again. I liked being Shekure. Skipping from one character or persona to another can be depressing. But the last-place chapter I always write at the end. That is definite. I like to tease myself, ask myself what the ending should be. I can only execute the ending once. Towards the end, to set out with finishing, I stop and rewrite most of the early chapters. INTERVIEWER Do you ever have a reader while you are working? PAMUK I always read my work to the person I share my life with. Im always grateful if that person says, Show me more, or, Show me what you have through today. Not only does that provide a bit of necessary pressure, but its like having a mother or compensate down pat you on the back and say, Well done.Occasionally, the person will say, Sorry, I dont buy this. Which is good. I like that rit ual. Im always reminded of Thomas Mann, one of my role models. He used to bring the whole family together, his six children and his wife. He used to read to all his gathered family. I like that. Daddy obese a story. INTERVIEWER When you were young you wanted to be a painter. When did your love of painting give way to your love of writing? PAMUK At the age of twenty-two. Since I was seven I had wanted to be a painter, and my family had accepted this. They all thought that I would be a famous painter. But then something happened in my addressI realized that a screw was looseand I stopped painting and immediately began writing my first novel. INTERVIEWER A screw was loose? PAMUK I cant say what my reasons were for doing this. I recently published a book calledIstanbul. Half of it is my autobiography until that moment and the other half is an essay about Istanbul, or more precisely, a childs vision of Istanbul.Its a combination of thinking about images and landscapes and the chemistry of a city, and a childs perception of that city, and that childs autobiography. The last sentence of the book reads, I dont want to be an artist, I said. Im going to be a writer. And its not explained. Although reading the whole book may explain something. INTERVIEWER Was your family happy about this decision? PAMUK My mother was upset. My father was somewhat more understanding because in his youth he wanted to be a poet and translated Valry into Turkish, but gave up when he was mocked by the upper-class propagate to which he belonged. INTERVIEWER Your family accepted you being a painter, but not a novelist? PAMUK Yes, because they didnt think I would be a full-time painter. The family tradition was in civil design. My grandfather was a civil engineer who made lots of money building railroads.My uncles and my father lost the money, but they all went to the same engineering school, Istanbul Technical University. I was expected to go there and I said, All right, I will go there. Bu t since I was the artist in the family, the ruling was that I should become an architect. It seemed to be a satisfying solution for everyone. So I went to that university, but in the middle of architectural school I perfectly quit painting and began writing novels. INTERVIEWER Did you already have your first novel in mind when you decided to quit? Is that why you did it? PAMUK As far as I remember, I wanted to be a novelist before I knew what to write. In fact, when I did start writing I had two or three false starts. I still have the notebooks. But after about six months I started a major novel project that ultimately got published as CevdetBey and His Sons. INTERVIEWER That hasnt been translated into English. PAMUK It is essentially a family saga, like the Forsyte Saga or Thomas Manns Buddenbrooks. Not long after I finished it I began to herb of grace having written something so outmoded, a very nineteenth-century novel.I regretted writing it because, around the age of twenty-f ive or twenty-six, I began to impose on myself the idea that I should be a modern author. By the time the novel was finally published, when I was thirty, my writing had become much more experimental. INTERVIEWER When you say you wanted to be more modern, experimental, did you have a model in mind? PAMUK At that time, the great writers for me were no longer Tolstoy, Dostoyevsky, Stendhal, or Thomas Mann. My heroes were Virginia Woolf and Faulkner. Now I would add Proust and Nabokov to that list. INTERVIEWER The opening line of The New Life is, I read a book one day and my whole life was changed. Has any book had that issuance on you? PAMUK The Sound and the Fury was very important to me when I was twenty-one or twentytwo. I bought a copy of the Penguin edition.It was hard to understand, especially with my poor English. But there was a wonderful translation of the book into Turkish, so I would to flummox the Turkish and the English together on the table and read half a paragraph fro m one and then go back to the other. That book go forth a mark on me. The residue was the voice that I developed. I soon began to write in the first person singular. Most of the time I feel better when Im impersonating someone else rather than writing in the third person.INTERVIEWER You say it took years to get your first novel published? PAMUK In my twenties I did not have any literary friendships I didnt belong to any literary group in Istanbul. The only way to get my first book published was to submit it to a literary competition for unpublished manuscripts in Turkey. I did that and won the prize, which was to be published by a big, good newspaper publisher. At the time, Turkeys economic system was in a bad state. They said, Yes, well give you a contract, but they delayed the novels publication. INTERVIEWER Did your piece novel go more easilymore quickly? PAMUK The second book was a political book. Not propaganda. I was already writing it while I waited for the first book to a ppear. I had assumption that book some two and a half years. Suddenly, one night there was a military coup. This was in 1980. The next day the would-be publisher of the first book, the CevdetBey book, said he wasnt going to publish it, even though we had a contract. I realized that even if I finished my second bookthe political bookthat day, I would not be able to publish it for five or six years because the military would not tolerate it. So my thoughts ran as follows At the age of twenty-two I said I was going to be a novelist and wrote for seven years hoping to get something published in Turkey...and nothing.Now Im almost thirty and theres no possibility of publishing anything. I still have the two hundred and fifty pages of that unfinished political novel in one of my drawers. Immediately after the military coup, because I didnt want to get depressed, I started a third bookthe book to which you referred, The Silent House. Thats what I was working on in 1982 when the first book was finally published. Cevdet was well received, which meant that I could publish the book I was then writing. So the third book I wrote was the second to be published. INTERVIEWER What made your novel unpublishable under the military regime? PAMUK The characters were young upper-class Marxists. Their fathers and mothers would go to summer resorts, and they had big spacious rich houses and enjoyed being Marxists.They would fight and be jealous of each other and plot to blow up the prime minister. INTERVIEWER Gilded revolutionary circles? PAMUK Upper-class youngsters with rich peoples habits, pretending to be ultraradical. But I was not making a moral judgment about that. Rather, I was romanticizing my youth, in a way. The idea of throwing a bomb at the prime minister would have been enough to get the book banned. So I didnt finish it. And you change as you write books. You cannot assume the same persona again. You cannot continue as before. Each book an author writes represents a p eriod in his development. Ones novels can be seen as the milestones in the development of ones spirit. So you cannot go back. Once the elasticity of fiction is dead, you cannot move it again.INTERVIEWER When youre experimenting with ideas, how do you choose the form of your novels? Do you start with an image, with a first sentence? PAMUK thither is no constant formula. But I make it my business not to write two novels in the same mode. I try to change everything. This is why so many of my readers tell me, I liked this novel of yours, its a shame you didnt write other novels like that, or, I never enjoyed one of your novels until you wrote that oneIve comprehend that especially about The Black Book. In fact I hate to hear this. Its fun, and a challenge, to experiment with form and style, and language and mood and persona, and to think about each book differently. The receptive matter of a book may come to me from assorted sources. With My Name Is Red, I wanted to write about my am bition to become a painter. I had a false start I began to write a monographic book focused on one painter. Then I turned the painter into various painters working together in an atelier. The point of view changed, because now there were other painters talking. At first I was thinking of writing about a contemporary painter, but then I thought this Turkish painter might be too derivative, too influenced by the West, so I went back in time to write about miniaturists.That was how I found my subject. Some subjects also necessitate certain formal innovations or storytelling strategies. Sometimes, for example, youve just seen something, or read something, or been to a movie, or read a newspaper article, and then you think, Ill make a potato speak, or a dog, or a tree. Once you get the idea you start thinking about symmetry and continuity in the novel. And you feel, Wonderful, no ones done this before. Finally, I think of things for years. I may have ideas and then I tell them to my clos e friends. I keep lots of notebooks for possible novels I may write.Sometimes I dont write them, but if I open a notebook and begin taking notes for it, it is likely that I will write that novel. So when Im finishing one novel my heart may be set on one of these projects and two months after finishing one I start writing the other.INTERVIEWER Many novelists will never discuss a work in progress. Do you also keep that a secret? PAMUK I never discuss the story. On formal occasions, when people ask what Im writing, I have a one-sentence stock reply A novel that takes place in contemporary Turkey. I open up to very few people and only when I know they wont hurt me. What I do is talk about the gimmicksIm going to make a cloud speak, for instance. I like to see how people react to them. It is a childish thing. I did this a lot when writing Istanbul. My mind is like that of a little playful child, trying to show his daddy how clever he is. INTERVIEWER The word gimmick has a negative conno tation. PAMUK You begin with a gimmick, but if you believe in its literary and moral monstrousness, in the end it turns into serious literary invention. It becomes a literary statement. INTERVIEWER Critics often characterize your novels as postmodern. It seems to me, however, that you draw your narrative tricks primarily from traditional sources. You quote, for instance, fromTheThousand and One Nights and other classic texts in the Eastern tradition.PAMUK That began with The Black Book, though I had read Borges and Calvino earlier. I went with my wife to the United States in 1985, and there I first encountered the prominence and the immense malodorousness of American culture. As a Turk coming from the Middle East, trying to establish himself as an author, I felt intimidated. So I regressed, went back to my roots. I realized that my generation had to invent a modern national literature. Borges and Calvino liberated me. The connotation of traditional Islamic literature was so reacti onary, so political, and used by conservatives in such old-fashioned and foolish ways, that I never thought I could do anything with that material. But once I was in the United States, I realized I could go back to that material with a Calvinoesque or Borgesian mind frame.I had to begin by making a strong distinction between the religious and literary connotations of Islamic literature, so that I could easily confiscate its wealth of games, gimmicks, and parables. Turkey had a sophisticated tradition of highly refined ornamental literature. But then the socially committed writers emptied our literature of its innovative content. There are lots of allegories that repeat themselves in the various oral storytelling traditionsof China, India, Persia. I decided to use them and set them in contemporary Istanbul. Its an experimentput everything together, like a Dadaist collage The Black Bookhas this quality. Sometimes all these sources are fused together and something new emerges. So I se t all these rewritten stories in Istanbul, added a detective plot, and out came The Black Book. But at its source was the full strength of American culture and my desire to be a serious experimental writer. I could not write a social commentary about Turkeys problemsI was intimidated by them. So I had to try something else. INTERVIEWER Were you ever interested in doing social commentary through literature? PAMUK No. I was reacting to the older generation of novelists, especially in the eighties.I say this with all due respect, but their subject matter was very narrow and parochial. INTERVIEWER Lets go back to before The Black Book. What elysian you to write The White Castle? Its the first book where you employ a theme that recurs throughout the rest of your novelsimpersonation. Why do you think this idea of becoming somebody else crops up so often in your fiction? PAMUK Its a very personal thing. I have a very competitive brother who is only eighteen months older than me. In a way, he was my fathermy Freudian father, so to speak. It was he who became my alter ego, the representation of authority. On the other hand, we also had a competitive and brotherly comradeship. A very complicated relationship. I wrote extensively about this in Istanbul. I was a characteristic Turkish boy, good at soccer and enthusiastic about all sorts of games and competitions. He was very successful in school, better than me.I felt jealousy towards him, and he was jealous of me too. He was the reasonable and responsible person, the one our superiors addressed. While I was paying attention to games, he paid attention to rules. We were competing all the time. And I fancied being him, that kind of thing. It set a model. Envy, jealousythese are heartfelt themes for me. I always worry about how much my brothers strength or his success might have influenced me. This is an essential part of my spirit. I am aware of that, so I put some distance between me and those pure tones. I know they a re bad, so I have a civilized persons determination to fight them. Im not saying Im a victim of jealousy. But this is the galaxy of nerve points that I try to deal with all the time. And of course, in the end, it becomes the subject matter of all my stories. In The White Castle, for instance, the almost sadomasochistic relationship between the two main characters is based on my relationship with my brother. On the other hand, this theme of impersonation is reflected in the fragility Turkey feels when faced with Western culture.After writing The White Castle, I realized that this jealousythe anxiety about being influenced by someone elseresembles Turkeys position when it looks west. You know, aspiring to become Westernized and then being accused of not being authentic enough. attempt to grab the spirit of Europe and then feeling guilty about the imitative drive. The ups and downs of this mood are reminiscent of the relationship between competitive brothers. INTERVIEWER Do you believ e the constant confrontation between Turkeys Eastern and Western impulses will ever be peacefully resolved? PAMUK Im an optimist.Turkey should not worry about having two spirits, belonging to two different cultures, having two souls. Schizophrenia makes you intelligent. You may lose your relation with realityIm a fiction writer, so I dont think thats such a bad thingbut you shouldnt worry about your schizophrenia. If you worry too much about one part of you killing the other, youll be left with a single spirit. That is worse than having the sickness. This is my theory. I try to propagate it in Turkish politics, among Turkish politicians who demand that the country should have one consistent soulthat it should belong to either the East or the West or be nationalistic. Im critical of that monistic outlook.INTERVIEWER How does that go down in Turkey? PAMUK The more the idea of a democratic, gratis(p) Turkey is established, the more my thinking is accepted. Turkey can join the European Union only with this vision. Its a way of fighting against nationalism, of fighting the elaborateness of Us against Them. INTERVIEWER And yet in Istanbul, in the way you romanticize the city, you seem to mourn the loss of the Ottoman Empire. PAMUK Im not mourning the Ottoman Empire. Im a Westernizer. Im pleased that the Westernization process took place. Im just criticizing the limited way in which the ruling elitemeaning both the bureaucracy and the new richhad conceived of Westernization. They lacked the confidence necessary to create a national culture rich in its own symbols and rituals.They did not strive to create an Istanbul culture that would be an organic combination of East and West they just put Western and Eastern things together. There was, of course, a strong local Ottoman culture, but that was fading away little by little. What they had to do, and could not possibly do enough, was invent a strong local culture, which would be a combinationnot an imitationof the East ern past and the Western present. I try to do the same kind of thing in my books. likely new generations will do it, and entering the European Union will not destroy Turkish identity but make it flourish and give us more freedom and self-confidence to invent a new Turkish culture. Slavishly imitating the West or slavishly imitating the old dead Ottoman culture is not the solution. You have to do something with these things and shouldnt have anxiety about belonging to one of them too much. INTERVIEWER In Istanbul, however, you do seem to discover with the foreign, Western gaze over your own city. PAMUK But I also explain why a Westernized Turkish intellectual can identify with the Western gazethe making of Istanbul is a process of identification with the West. There is always this dichotomy, and you can easily identify with the Eastern anger too.Everyone is sometimes a western and sometimes an Easternerin fact a constant combination of the two. I like Edward Saids idea of Orientali sm, but since Turkey was never a colony, the romanticizing of Turkey was never a problem for Turks. Western man did not humiliate the Turk in the same way he humiliated the Arab or Indian. Istanbul was invaded only for two years and the enemy boats left as they came, so this did not leave a deep scar in the spirit of the nation. What left a deep scar was the loss of the Ottoman Empire, so I dont have that anxiety, that feeling that Westerners look down on me.though after the founding of the Republic, there was a sort of intimidation because Turks wanted to Westernize but couldnt go far enough, which left a feeling of cultural inferiority that we have to address and that I occasionally may have. On the other hand, the scars are not as deep as other nations that were occupied for two hundred years, colonized. Turks were never suppressed by Western powers. The suppression that Turks suffered was self-inflicted we erased our own history because it was practical. In that suppression ther e is a sensory faculty of fragility. But that self-imposed Westernization also brought isolation. Indians saw their oppressors face-to-face. Turks were strangely isolated from the Western world they emulated. In the 1950s and even 1960s, when a foreigner came to stay at the Istanbul Hilton it would be noted in all the newspapers.Do you believe that there is a polity or that one should even exist? We have heard of a Western canon, but what about a non-Western canon? PAMUK Yes, there is another canon. It should be explored, developed, shared, criticized, and then accepted. Right now the so-called Eastern canon is in ruins. The glorious texts are all around but there is no will to put them together. From the Persian classics, through to all the Indian, Chinese, and Japanese texts, these things should be assessed critically. As it is now, the canon is in the hands of Western scholars. That is the come to of distribution and communication. INTERVIEWER The novel is a very Western cultu ral form. Does it have any place in the Eastern tradition? PAMUK The modern novel, dissociated from the epic form, is essentially a non-Oriental thing.Because the novelist is a person who does not belong to a community, who does not share the underlying instincts of community, and who is thinking and judging with a different culture than the one he is experiencing. Once his consciousness is different from that of the community he belongs to, he is an outsider, a loner. And the richness of his text comes from that outsiders voyeuristic vision. Once you develop the habit of looking at the world like that and writing about it in this fashion, you have the desire to disassociate from the community. This is the model I was thinking about in Snow. INTERVIEWER Snow is your most political book yet published. How did you conceive of it? PAMUK When I started becoming famous in Turkey in the mid-1990s, at a time when the war against Kurdish guerillas was strong, the old leftist authors and th e new modern liberals wanted me to help them, to sign petitionsthey began to ask me to do political things unrelated to my books. Soon the establishment counterattacked with a campaign of character assassination.They began calling me names. I was very angry. After a while I wondered, What if I wrote a political novel in which I explored my own spiritual dilemmascoming from an uppermiddle-class family and feeling responsible for those who had no political representation? I believed in the art of the novel. It is a strange thing how that makes you an outsider. I told myself then, I will write a political novel. I started to write it as soon as I finished My Name Is Red. INTERVIEWER Why did you set it in the small town of Kars? PAMUK It is notoriously one of the coldest towns in Turkey. And one of the poorest. In the early eighties, the whole front page of one of the major newspapers was about the poverty of Kars. Someone had calculated that you could buy the entire town for around a m illion dollars.The political climate was difficult when I wanted to go there. The vicinity of the town is mostly populated by Kurds, but the center is a combination of Kurds, people from Azerbaijan, Turks, and all other sorts. There used to be Russians and Germans too. There are religious differences as well, Shia and Sunni. The war the Turkish government was waging against the Kurdish guerillas was so fierce that it was impossible to go as a tourist. I knew I could not simply go there as a novelist, so I asked a newspaper editor with whom Id been in touch for a press pass to visit the area. He is potent and he personally called the mayor and the police chief to let them know I was coming.

How important was Martin Luther King?

Martin Luther tycoon was the main figure in the civic Rights Movement he was the civil business activist leader and had an influence of the American society. fagot believed in non-violent protest and used it to overcome justice, kings idea of non-violent protest came from Ghandis idea, and he thought Ghandi was the great man of all times. male monarch also believed that all man and woman are equal he was the most important voice of the civil rights movement.King was brave to stand up and march on up segregation laws and tried to get rid of segregation laws, Martin Luther King was proud of his race, in 1958 after King was stabbed in Harlem he had said my cause, my race, is expense dying for, this source is useful for proving that he will do anything for his race and do whatever it takes to bring freedom across black Americans. King wasnt afraid and he still carried on fighting for more freedom after he was stabbed and survived.Martin Luther King was important of bringing improve ments in the African- American Civil Rights because he brought equality to America and progress to the civil rights movement. In 1957 he helped setting up the (SCLC) and believed that non-violent protest should be used in the struggle for equality. King helped places like Birmingham to reduce the amount of racism. There had been lots of racism in Birmingham, King described Birmingham as Americas worst big city for racism.He wanted to improve the amount of racism in Birmingham, the SCLC arranged a march, and king was leading rather than led. The confrontation used tactics like sit- in and marches so that they can gain more publicity across the USA. King became more popular and people liked him, but those who disagreed with the equal right movement hated king. King gained goverment support, Kings effort led to the march on washington in 1963, where King delivered his speech I have a moon. In 1965, King led a campaign to resgister black people to vote.

Life Sciences Paper 1

NATIONAL SENIOR CERTIFICATE GRADE 12 LIFE SCIENCES P1 FEBRUARY/MARCH 2011 MARKS 150 TIME 2? hours This principal write up consists of 14 pages. Copyright reserved occupy malefactor all over smell Sciences/P1 2 NSC DBE/Feb. Mar. 2011 INSTRUCTIONS AND INFORMATION Read the following instructions carefully onwards receptioning the questions. 1. Answer ALL the questions. 2. Write ALL the answers in your ANSWER BOOK. 3. Start the answers to EACH question at the top of a NEW page. 4. go the answers correctly according to the sum uping system used in this question paper. 5. Present your answers according to the instructions of each question. . Do ALL drawings in draw and label them in blue or black ink. 7. Draw diagrams or flow charts only when asked to do so. 8. The diagrams in this question paper are not necessarily drawn to scale. 9. Do NOT use graph paper. 10. You may use a non-programmable calculator, protractor and a compass. 11. Write neatly and legibly. Copyright reserved gratify felon over Life Sciences/P1 3 NSC DBE/Feb. Mar. 2011 SECTION A incertitude 1 1. 1 Various options are provided as possible answers to the following questions. conduct the correct answer and write only the letter (A D) next to the question identification number (1. 1. 1 1. . 6) in the ANSWER BOOK, for example 1. 1. 7 D. 1. 1. 1 The functioning in which male gametes are form in humans is called A B C D 1. 1. 2 When the first child of two parents, without all visible divisortic dis post, was born, the child was found to have a serious genetic disorder. The parents were told that a recessive gene had caused the disorder, and that only one pair of genes was involved. If they had a second child this child A B C D 1. 1. 3 was certain to have the disorder. had a 1 in 2 retrieve of having the disorder. had a 1 in 4 chance of having the disorder. no chance of having the disorder.Below is a particularise of steps following fecundation in humans. Which is the CORRECT or der of events? 1. 2. 3. 4. A B C D Copyright reserved vasectomy. spermatogenesis. oogenesis. mitosis. The embryo is embedded in the uterine wall in humans. A zygote is formed in the Fallopian tube. Cell division occurs to form a ball of several hundred cells. The blastocyst remains free for several days in the uterus. 2, 3, 4, 1 2, 1, 3, 4 3, 2, 4, 1 1, 3, 2, 4 Please turn over Life Sciences/P1 4 NSC DBE/Feb. Mar. 2011 QUESTIONS 1. 1. 4 and 1. 1. 5 refer to the graph at a lower place which shows the growth of the follicle and the ovarian hormone levels.Hormonal regulation of the menstrual cycle Growth of follicle B A Ovarian hormone levels 0 1. 1. 4 21 28 Progesterone and LH FSH and LH Oestrogen and progesterone Oestrogen and FSH What is the follicle called after day 14? A B C D 1. 1. 6 14 Which hormones are represented by A and B? A B C D 1. 1. 5 7 Primary follicle Graafian follicle Secondary follicle Corpus luteum A ring of DNA (plasmid) is taken from a bacterial cell to produce insulin. The steps which follow are NOT in the correct order below. 1. The gene for insulin is removed from a cell of a human pancreas. 2. The bacteria make clones of themselves and produce nsulin. 3. The insulin gene is put into the plasmid and into a new bacterial cell. 4. The bacterial plasmid is cut using enzymes. The CORRECT order of the steps is A B C D Copyright reserved 3, 2, 4, 3. 3, 2, 4, 3. 4, 1, 3, 2. 4, 2, 1, 3. (6 x 2) Please turn over (12) Life Sciences/P1 1. 2 5 NSC DBE/Feb. Mar. 2011 Give the correct biological term for each of the following descriptions. Write only the term next to the question number (1. 2. 1 1. 2. 7) in the ANSWER BOOK. 1. 2. 1 1. 2. 2 An arrangement of black bars representing DNA fragments that can be used to determine whether mass are related 1. . 3 Structure in the sperm cell containing enzymes that break pile the membrane of the ovum 1. 2. 4 The release of an ovum from a follicle 1. 2. 5 The period from fertilisation to birth 1. 2. 6 Th e tube that transports the sperm from the testis to the urethra 1. 2. 7 1. 3 All the genes in all the chromosomes of a particular species A hormone produced in effeminates to stimulate milk production (7) Indicate whether each of the statements in COLUMN I applies to A only, B only, both A and B or none of the items in COLUMN II. Write A only, B only, both A and B, or none next to the question number (1. 3. 1 1. 3. ) in the ANSWER BOOK. COLUMN I 1. 3. 1 Possible ways of improving of fertility 1. 3. 2 Forms the placenta 1. 3. 3 Having a single set of chromosomes 1. 3. 4 Sexually-transmitted disease(s) caused by bacteria 1. 3. 5 Technique used to determine abnormalities of the foetus COLUMN II A Artificial insemination B In vitro fertilisation A Amnion B Chorion A Diploid B Haploid A Syphilis B HIV A Ultrasound B amniocentesis (5 x 2) Copyright reserved Please turn over (10) Life Sciences/P1 1. 4 6 NSC DBE/Feb. Mar. 2011 When a stigma is ripe, it secretes a quiet which stimulates pollen grains to grow tubes.The fluid contains lollipop. Zama wanted to investigate the following question How does the concentration of sugar affect the number of pollen grains that germinate/form pollen tubes in flowers? She designed the following investigation. She took 5 cavity slides. cover slip cavity slide solution with pollen grains The first slide she alter with distilled water. The second slide she filled with a 5% sugar solution. The third slide she filled with a 10% sugar solution. The fourth slide she filled with a 15% sugar solution. The fifth slide she filled with a 20% sugar solution.She transferred the same number of pollen grains from the anthers of a flower into each cavity of the five slides. A cover slip was gently get down onto the slide. All five slides were placed in a warm incubator and left for one hour. Each slide was then examined under a microscope and the number of pollen tubes in each slide was counted and recorded in the table below. Concentr ation of sugar solution (%) 0 5 10 15 20 payoff of pollen tubes 0 7 11 15 21 1. 4. 1 Explain why Zama used distilled water in the first cavity slide. (2) 1. 4. 2 State collar ways in which this investigation would be improved to get more reliable results. 3) 1. 4. 3 Copyright reserved Describe a conclusion for the above investigation. (2) (7) Please turn over Life Sciences/P1 1. 5 7 NSC DBE/Feb. Mar. 2011 The diagram below represents a karyotype of a human cell. 1 6 2 3 7 13 14 19 20 4 8 9 10 15 11 16 21 5 12 17 22 18 23 1. 5. 1 How many chromosomes are present in this karyotype? (1) 1. 5. 2 Is this karyotype that of a man or a woman? (1) 1. 5. 3 Give a reason for your answer to QUESTION 1. 5. 2. (2) 1. 5. 4 Describe how the karyotype of a person with Downs syndrome will be varied from the karyotype shown in the diagram above. Copyright reservedPlease turn over (2) (6) Life Sciences/P1 1. 6 8 NSC DBE/Feb. Mar. 2011 Study the pedigree diagram of a family where some individuals h ave haemophilia. bleeders disease is a sex-linked disorder. Use H for normal crease clotting and h for the haemophiliac trait. Peter Andrew Millicent Henry Enid David Priscilla Goliath Key Normal female Anele Male haemophiliac Clarence Normal male 1. 6. 1 1. 6. 2 From the pedigree diagram above, state the relationship between gender and haemophilia. (2) Write down all the possible genotypes of individuals (a) Peter (b) Enid (c) Clarence (6) (8) enumerate SECTION A Copyright reservedPlease turn over 50 Life Sciences/P1 9 NSC DBE/Feb. Mar. 2011 SECTION B QUESTION 2 2. 1 Study the following diagrams representing different phases of meiosis. A C B Diagram 1 Diagram 2 2. 1. 1 Diagram 4 (3) Label structures A, B and C. 2. 1. 2 Diagram 3 Which phase is represented by (a) 2. 1. 4 2. 1. 5 Copyright reserved (1) (b) 2. 1. 3 Diagram 1 Diagram 2 (1) Write down the numbers of the diagrams to show the correct grade in which the phases occur. (2) Tabulate tercet differences between the first and second stages of meiosis. (7) describe and explain TWO processes/mechanisms that ensure that he gametes produced at the end of meiosis are genetically different from each other. Please turn over (4) (18) Life Sciences/P1 2. 2 10 NSC DBE/Feb. Mar. 2011 The diagrams below represent the process of protein synthesis. M O N UC A G G C A C A P Z UGU Q UC AGGCACA R X 2. 2. 1 Identify compound M and organelle R. (2) 2. 2. 2 Write down the sequence of the FIRST THREE nitrogenous radixs on the DNA strand that led to the formation of Z. (2) 2. 2. 3 Name the part/stage of protein synthesis that is illustrated in O. (1) 2. 2. 4 The table below shows the base triplets of DNA and the amino acid each codes for.Base triplet of DNA AGT CCG TGT GTA CAA TCC ACA Copyright reserved Amino acid coded for Serine Glycine Threonine Histidine Valine Arginine Cysteine Please turn over Life Sciences/P1 11 NSC DBE/Feb. Mar. 2011 With reference to the diagram in QUESTION 2. 2 and the table above (a) Name the amino acid labelled P. (2) (b) State the base sequence of the molecule labelled Q. (2) (c) What name is give to the triplet of tRNA bases that codes for each amino acid? (1) (d) Describe how the composition of the protein molecule changes if the base sequence at X is UGU instead of UCA. (2) (12) 30 QUESTION 3 3. 1 The diagram below represents the female reproductive system. X A Y B D C 3. 1. 1 Label structures A, B and C. (3) 3. 1. 2 State THREE functions of D. (3) 3. 1. 3 Fertilisation usually takes place at Y. Why will a blockage at X (a) Prevent fertilisation at Y (b) Not necessarily lead to infertility Copyright reserved (1) (2) (9) Please turn over Life Sciences/P1 3. 2 12 NSC DBE/Feb. Mar. 2011 Read the paragraph below and answer the questions that follow. MALE CONTRACEPTIVE CHEMICAL Gossypol is a chemical which is extracted from the seeds of cotton plants.When gossypol was given to rats, mice, dogs and monkeys, it caused a reduction in the fertility of the male animals by reducing their sperm count. Scientists wanted to investigate the idea that gossypol could be used as a human male contraceptive. Adapted from Liffen and Liffen, 1987 3. 2. 1 State a hypothesis for the investigation that scientists wanted to do. (3) 3. 2. 2 State FOUR planning steps that must be followed by investigateers before the investigation above is undertaken on humans. (4) 3. 2. 3 In the investigation above, name the following (a) (1) (b) 3. 2. 4 Dependent variable star Independent variable (1)Explain ONE reason why some people might (a) (2) (b) Copyright reserved Support research on male contraception Object to research on male contraception (2) (13) Please turn over Life Sciences/P1 3. 3 13 NSC DBE/Feb. Mar. 2011 Study the diagram of a flower below and answer the questions that follow. D A B E C 3. 3. 1 Label parts A, B and D. (3) 3. 3. 2 Describe how the male gamete reaches the ovum after pollination. (3) 3. 3. 3 What do the following structures develop into after fer tilisation (a) Structure C (1) (b) Structure E (1) (8) 30 TOTAL SECTION B Copyright reserved Please turn over 60 Life Sciences/P1 14 NSC DBE/Feb. Mar. 2011 SECTION C QUESTION 4 4. 1 Explain THREE advantages of using genetically limited organisms as food. 4. 2 The table below shows the percentage oftenness of human blood groups in the populations of two different cities in South Africa. (6) Human blood groups % frequency in population City 1 City 2 A 25 45 B 20 10 AB 10 5 O 45 40 4. 2. 1 Which blood group has (a) 4. 3 (1) (b) 4. 2. 2 The highest frequency in City 1 The lowest frequency in City 2 (1) Plot the data in the table as bar graphs on the same system of axes. (10) (12) The diagram below shows a crossing between a homozygous black mouse and a homozygous white mouse.The F1-generation was all black. Male Female P1 X F1 1 2 3 4 Use the symbols B and b for the alleles of fur colour and show diagrammatically a genetic cross between mouse 1 and mouse 3 to show the possible genotype s and phenotypes of the next generation (F2). 4. 4 Clones are a group of genetically identical organisms. Explain THREE advantages and THREE disadvantages with reasons of cloning. Synthesis NOTE (12) (3) (15) NO marks will be awarded for answers in the form of flow charts or diagrams. TOTAL SECTION C GRAND TOTAL Copyright reserved (7) 40 150

Albert Einstein and his Theory of Relativity Essay

Albert Einstein was a man who had such a cracking mind. He has altered the elbow room man perceives the world armed with a pen and a paper. He saw farther behind natures drape than severallyone else has ever make besides Newton, and from then on, he lived the rest of his disembodied spirit pulling the drape down for his humility (Pellegrini 1). Today, when the word genius is existence uttered, no one elses face come to mind than his. An exceptional trait appears to radiate in that gloomy and wrinkled exterior, with its tangled white cop that resembles a halo and its expressive brown eyes.The trait was that of a genius, a combination of extraordinary intelligence and thorough imagination that transported him beyond the limits of mans long standing scientific convictions and penetrated further into the material uncertainties of the cosmos than any man who came before him (Pellegrini 1 etiolated 96). If there is one thing mutual in all things in the world, it is relativity. T ime, mass, and stimulate ar relative.Light is not weightless, space has bends, and coiled with a pound of water, any substance, is the volatile force of 14 million tons of trinitrotoluene (Pellegrini 2 whollyAboutScience. org Trefil & Hazen). By the end of the twentieth century, these things have been scientifically proven, 100% because of the man with a great mind (Pellegrini 2 AllAboutScience. org Trefil & Hazen White 98). Man is likely not to condemn the man for the atomic bomb, to any further extent than they condemn Noble for the dynamite (Pellegrini 2 White 98).For it was not the quiet scientist alternatively the generals the world over who falsified his equation into the about horrible dagger in the history of humanity (Pellegrini 2). At that point in time, the rest of the world has already made him into an icon, the most celebrated prophet since Newton and sciences profound soul. He is genius personified. In a hardly any stroke of sophistication he confined mans world i nto that of the universe in a similar equation, and altered eer the manner man perceive the cosmos as head as themselves.It was in the category 1905 when he, the extraordinarily confident and constantly unkempt 26 year old scientist forwarded three papers, written in his free time, to the leading publication, Annalen der Physik to be made available in print if there was space (Pellegrini 3 AllAboutScience. org). All three of the papers have been published, and they did just what he expected they would altered the way man perceives the world. The genius behind such breakthrough would remain unidentified for quite some time though.He turned his Theory of Special Relativity into the Theory of General Relativity which states that light has weight, and that space and time were fundamentally space time (Pellegrini 3 AllAboutScience. org Trefil & Hazen White 100). The Fundamentals of Einsteins system Einsteins theory is one of the most important scientific breakthroughs of all time. Though he established the Theory of Relativity, his main contribution to the advances of science was the identification that in a vacuum, light speed is constant (Pellegrini 3 AllAboutScience.org Trefil & Hazen White 103). Vacuum is a definite physical border for motion (Pellegrini 3 AllAboutScience. org Trefil & Hazen White 103). This is not so significant in an individuals daily activities because man travel at a speed much slower than that of light (AllAboutScience. org Trefil & Hazen). Nevertheless, in reference to the Theory of Relativity, objects moving closer to the speed of light will move at a slower speed and would seem to be shorter in length from the view of a person observing from the planet Earth (White 105).He also derived the formula, E = mc2, which shows the relationship of mass and energy (Pellegrini 2 AllAboutScience. org Trefil & Hazen). For the success of his concepts on the subjects of relativity, photoelectric effect, as well as blackbody radiation, he was aw arded a Nobel Prize in the year 1921 (AllAboutScience. org). The Inherent Limitations of Einsteins theory Over the years, scientists have carried out several experiments to support the implications of the Einsteins theory and develop certain fields as Cosmology and Particle physics (Pellegrini 3 AllAboutScience.org). Yet, some doubt the capacity of the theory to pardon as many physical events as has been previously postulated, with several scientists disputing in opposition to it completely (Pellegrini 3 AllAboutScience. org). Despite the consequences, just like any different scientific theories, it is not the absolute, complete, and ultimate explanation of the cosmos. Being a scientific theory as it is, it has postulations and estimates of nature and in the end, can not explain some phenomena on the whole (AllAboutScience. org).Einsteins theory, similar to the Theory of Evolution by Charles Darwin, was popularized as a scientific truth since it presents a staple description to t he complexity examined in the pictorial cosmos (Pellegrini 3 AllAboutScience. org). Earlier than 1920 until the time of his death in the year 1955, he attempted to discover laws of Physics much more broad that what has been known since he came (Pellegrini 3 AllAboutScience. org Trefil & Hazen White 102). With regards to his theory, the gravity had been an example of the geometry of both time and space.Other forces present in nature, mainly the force of electromagnetism is yet to be explained in like terms (Pellegrini 3 AllAboutScience. org Trefil & Hazen). However, it appeared that as far as he is concerned, the concepts of electromagnetism and gravity could be described as expressions of certain broader mathematical configuration. The search for a description for a unified field theory which would reconcile the two concepts as well as that of time and space, generally consumed a large portion of his life than any other pursuit (AllAboutScience. org Trefil & Hazen).In point of fac t, for the most part his life was devoted in an attempt to formulate a Unified Theory of Physics to unite the concept of electromagnetism to that of relativity (AllAboutScience. org). He has failed and up to this day, no one had ever reconciled such concepts (Pellegrini 3 AllAboutScience. org Trefil & Hazen White 105). The Use and Abuse of Einsteins theory Besides being misused as an indisputable fact, Einsteins Theory of Relativity has been abused in subjects further than gravitational phenomenon even within the scientific community.His theory was the foundation of the gigantic Bang Theory which suggests the origin of the cosmos (Pellegrini 2 AllAboutScience. org Trefil & Hazen White 96). Similarly, the Theory of Evolution centered on the origin of the species and, eventually, on that of man. Still both theories are frequently discussed as if they are in themselves two ends of a bigger combined theory. In point of fact, both are not theories in continuity, rather distinct theories concerning two entirely dissimilar physical phenomena (Pellegrini 3 AllAboutScience. org Trefil & Hazen White 105).Moreover, the purpose of his theory is to explain physical laws of the cosmos alone, not that of philosophy, faith or even the Almighty (Pellegrini 2 AllAboutScience. org). For example, the Theory of Relativity as well as the theoretical principle of moral relativism has nothing in common diversion from the word relative, still others consider the two ideas to be synonymous (AllAboutScience. org). Others may possibly claim that moral relativity, the principle that fact and lies, right and wrong, the Almighty and other gods are decided and validated by ones character, genetics, and upbringing, is an effect of the work of Einstein.It was on April 28, 1955 when one of the preeminent natural theorist who ever lived, disenfranchised his last, handing over a legacy of challenging scientific premises (AllAboutScience. org). To date, scientists continue to investigate the pr emises formulated by this genius mind. He struggled to find in science what artists strive to find in art (Pellegrini 1 AllAboutScience. org). He tried to escape from the darkness and horrors of the world by connecting with the entire cosmos. He desire logic and beauty of the natural world.In finding out the fundamental principles of the natural world, it appears that he hoped to discover a secret design which would one way or another restore confidence in him about the beauty and creativity of the world into which he is born. His intellectual aptitude as well as his curious mind embodied the spirit of analytical thinking. By means of skilled and constant inquiry they altered mans idea of the natural world as well as the cosmos. He was only armed with a pen and a paper (Pellegrini 2 AllAboutScience. org).In spite of that he saw beyond what a telescope can reach, deeper than what a microscope can recognize. He went on a lonely grandeur to where the worlds of the visible and invisibl e met. He articulated each in the language of the other (Pellegrini 3 AllAboutScience. org). If he was ever a success in discovering the secret he has spent most of his life searching for, it lies in the legacy of his observations yet to be examined by sophisticated technology. Does the average man only grasp so little of the bulky universe of is it that Einstein only did assume to a great deal?Man has all the advances Einstein has left to civilization. These are the advances which have tapped practically each and every respect of the sciences. For one, civilization has the atomic bomb. Then again, perhaps primarily, in the minds of those he has left behind, his vision is kept no matter how unclearly. The harmony in the world is the very thing man has kept searching for. That one great mind drew man nearer to the facts of life than anyone who has ever existed done for civilization.And Albert Einstein was also well aware of how much more questions he had left under the clouds of unc ertainty.Works CitedPellegrini, Frank. Albert Einstein. Time Magazine 29 March 1999 1 3. Theory of Relativity. 2008. AllAboutScience. org. 3 July 2008 http//www. allaboutscience. org/theory-of-relativity. htm. Trefil, James and Robert M. Hazen. The Sciences An Integrated Approach. Location Wiley, 2006. White, Nicholas E. Beyond Einstein scientific goals and missions. Advances in Space Research 35 (2005) 96 105.

Interpersonal Communication Essay

The capability of every individual create effective and efficient communicative mechanisms net help prevent the further escalation of a conflict. Each action, movement, speech is important in establishing such idea. Thus, proper facilitation of interpersonal dialogue can yoke the gap between two parties and help create possibilities for cooperation. Analyzing the problem critically, in that location be certain communicative lapses present between the parents and the owner of the day care.These lapses prevail to create different perceptions and ideas that in the end result into conflict among members of the group. Another issue that can be argued revolves around the responsibility of the owner of the daycare. It has been elaborated that in that location are only certain parameters of care that the organization has to offer which is mandated by the handbook of DHA. These contending of ideas of how responsibility of care is administered also bring about struggles and conflict th at can further impede and deteriorate the process of interpersonal communication.With these, solutions must be created to administer proper changes and facilitate communication. One important aspect to consider is to be sensitive to the situation and cultural background of the individuals. A stereotype, a fixed impression about a group, may influence your perceptions of individual members you may recover individuals only as members of the group instead of as unique individuals. (DeVito, Chapter 4, p. 1) The side by side(p) thing to consider is the importance of creating effective listen skills both to individuals and groups.However, there are many factors that affect the way people listen and comprehend things. Members of different cultures vary on a number of communication dimensions that influence listening speech and language, nonverbal behavioral differences, and preferences for direct and indirect styles of communication. (DeVito, Chapter 5, p. 1) In addition, individuals m ust be gender sensitive when it comes to listening. Men and women may listen otherwise generally, women give more specific listening cues to show theyre listening than do men. (DeVito, Chapter 5, p. 1) Thus, different strategies must be created to facilitate better avenues for listening. The next possible solution can be characterized how people perceive and interpret communication by means of verbal and non-verbal messages. The way to creating effective interpersonal communication is the advancing and merging of both listener and speaker. Meaning is more than words and gestures meaning includes what speaker and listener brings to interpersonal interaction. (DeVito, Chapter 6, p. )With this, words, gestures and other meanings given are important in establishing interpersonal communication. Meanings are context-based the context heavily influences the meanings that words and gestures are given. (DeVito, Chapter 6, p. 1) Thus, these ideas prove to be a main catalyst in achieving in terpersonal communication. The last process in trying to resolve this conflict is the communication process itself. The conversation between the listener and speaker plus the mechanisms that were utilize can be a vital tool in shaping the outcome of interpersonal communication.Maintaining conversations depends on the linguistic rule of cooperation the maxims of quantity, quality, relation, and manner the principle of dialogue and the principle of turn taking. (DeVito, Chapter 9, p. 1) With mechanisms in place, conversation may be able to bridge the communication gap brought about by conflict. Preventing conversational problems may be aided by the disclaimer, a statement that helps to ensure that your message will be understood and will not reflect negatively on the speaker. (DeVito, Chapter 9, p. 1)In the end, giving solutions to the problem of communication revolves around the capability of an individual to harness and foster efficient and effective mechanisms that will create an environment of understanding, collaboration and sensitivity among the group/s.ReferencesDeVito, J. A. (2005) Chapter 4Perception in social Communication in Pearson Education. on-line Retrieved December 9, 2007 from http//wpscms. pearsoncmg. com/ab_devito_intrprsnl_11/43/11047/2828208. cw/index. hypertext mark-up language DeVito, J. A. (2005) Chapter 5 Listening in Interpersonal Communication.In Pearson Education. on-line Retrieved December 9, 2007 from http//wpscms. pearsoncmg. com/ab_devito_intrprsnl_11/43/11047/2828276. cw/index. html DeVito, J. A. (2005) Chapter 6 Universals of Verbal and Non-verbal messages in Pearson Education. on-line Retrieved December 9, 2007 from http//wpscms. pearsoncmg. com/ab_devito_intrprsnl_11/43/11048/2828345. cw/index. html DeVito, J. A. (2005) Chapter 9 Conversation. in Pearson Education. on-line Retrieved December 9, 2007 from http//wpscms. pearsoncmg. com/ab_devito_intrprsnl_11/43/11049/2828563. cw/index. html

Factors that affect talent planning Essay

1. IntroductionThis writing aims to assesses factors that affects fundamental laws come neares towards attracting talent recruitment and selection (including an fact-finding approach to specific methods used) obtaining a diverse workforce the process of induction (including a model of an effective induction plan).2. Attracting Talent2.1 mug IdentityBrand Identity How a business wants a brands name, communication style, logo and other visual elements to be perceived by consumers. (www.investopedia.com 07/10/14) An organisation with positive image leave behind find it easier to attract and retain employees than the organisation with the negative image, this is due to the aspiration qualities associated with a positive image (i.e. wealth, style, charitable temper etc). A business who hasnt been rise up established in its market will find it more difficult to attract new employees than business who is well know, because its perceived to be more economically stable.2.2 Economic En vironmentThe economic stability and funds available to expend on recruitment will have a direct impact on the quality of recruitment processes. One way in which this affects recruitment is effect on how and where the go with advertises, subvention recruitment sites charge high fees (however, have very high foot-fall), which non-established or struggling companies would not be able to afford, thus not reaching surface to as wide an audience as more successful businesses. Another key factor is the salary and benefits that can be offered to potential employees, either demonstrate competitive rates or lower rates, therefore reducing interest from potential employees.2.3 Legal restrictionsLaws also have influence on organisations approaches to attracting talent. For example The business office Workers Regulations that came into force on 1st October 2011 (www.gov.uk/government/publications/agency-workers-regulations-2010-guidance-for-recruiters 07/10/2014). The regulations states that agency workers are entitle to the same working conditions as permanent staff after terminate a 12 weeks period in a particular job. It is clear from the following quote that this has reduced agency staff recruitment substantially One-quarter of organisations report they reduced their use of agency worker in 2012 compared to 2011, rising to a third of large organisations ( The 2013 Resourcing and talent planning survey report www.cipd.co.uk/hr-resources/survey-reports/resourcing-talent-planning-2013.aspx 07/10/2014)2.4 concern ObjectivesThe aims and suggested targets of businesses, has a direct influence on the amount of recruitment completed and in which manner. For example if a business has agreed to take on a new contract, they will privation to recruit swiftly and in high volume. However, if a recruiter aims to appoint a higher-managerial position within subsequent months they may need more specific and targeted recruitment to ensure the position is filled more effectively th an simply swift, high-volume appointment. For the later it is more commonly seen to use a companys career progression path( management succession planning ), recruiting or training from existing members of staff. This can have a positive impact on the companys recruitment as a whole as it shows current and potential staff members that progression is available within the business.3. Diverse manpower3.1 Increasing ProductivityIt is suggested that miscellany in the workplace increases morale and thus employees work more efficiently and effectively. Rose Johnson of Demand Media goes on to say diversity within leadership in a firm allows managers to bring in new skills and methods for achieving unity within their teams. (smallbusiness.chron.com/advantage-diverse-workforce-18780 07/10/2014)3.2 Increasing CreativityAcas state having a diverse workforceopens up a wealth of possibilities and helps to encourage and foster innovation. (www.acas.org.uk/indesx.aspx?articleid=3725 07/10/14). Pe ople from different background, ethnic origin or age, will approach tasks in different manners, therefore gaining a wider range of outcomes to potential problems.3.3 Positive ReputationThe advantage of obtaining a diverse workforce is clear. An organisation is well displace to understand the needs of a wide-range of customers, interacting with a larger client base. (www.acas.org.uk/indesx.aspx?articleid=3725 07/10/14). This therefore means that companies with a diverse recruitment policy will be more likely to gain customers and be generally more successful in their market. Clearly a company who recruits diversely does not discriminate, which is another feature film consumers, potential employees and recruiters will aim to be associated with.4. Factors that affect recruitment and selection4.1 Labour marketLabour market is ,,..the market in which employers look and debate for workers and in which workers look and compete for employment .. (http//www.collinsdictionary.com/dictiona ry/english/labour-market 10/10/2014) tight/ loose4.2 LegislationsNational min wage /eligibility to work in the UK/the Equality Act 2010 4.3 Business context